Method of enriching a target nucleic acid at a TNFRSF1B gene locus in a sample from a subject with inflammatory bowel disease

ABSTRACT

The aspects disclosed herein describe methods of identifying a subject that is non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. The aspects disclosed herein further provide for a method of selecting a therapy for a subject with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and treating the subject with the therapy.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/957,457 filed Apr. 19, 2018, now U.S. patent No. 10,626,180, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/487,971 filed Apr. 20, 2017, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. DK046763 awarded by National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy created Apr. 18, 2018, is named 52388-729_201_SL and is 164,651 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

All publications herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has two common forms, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which are chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. In 2015, an estimated 1.3% of adults in the United States (3 million) reported being diagnosed with either CD or UC.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

FIG. 1 depicts in accordance with various embodiments of an aspect provided herein, genome-wide association with ANCA level in discovery cohort.

FIG. 2 depicts in accordance with various embodiments of an aspect provided herein, the genomic inflation factor for the genome-wide association in the discovery cohort.

FIGS. 3A and 3B depict in accordance with various embodiments of an aspect provided herein, the association of rs5745994 with serum TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels. FIG. 3A shows the association of rs5745994 with TNFR1 levels. FIG. 3B shows association of rs5745994 with TNFR2 levels.

SUMMARY

It is hypothesized that IBD is caused by an inappropriate immune response to normal enteric flora in genetically susceptible individuals. In addition, there is a higher prevalence of serological responses to microbial or autoantigens in subjects diagnosed with IBD. A number of serological markers have been used in clinical practice, including atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). Studies have investigated the potential value of serological markers, like ANCA, in the diagnosis and characterization of IBD.

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or TNF-alpha (TNF-α), is a gene that encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases and disorders, including IBD. Several anti-TNF-alpha blocking strategies have been evaluated in patients with IBD, including infliximab, adalimumab, and certolizumab. Various past studies have demonstrated that infliximab has the potential to be effective for the induction and maintenance response and remission in some CD patients. However, the clinical trial data for all anti-TNF-alpha therapies among adult CD patients report that 40% of patients do not respond to the induction phase (primary non-responder) and that approximately 40% of those patients who do enter the maintenance phase of the trial lose response over time. Inter-individual variability in therapeutic response may be best explained by genetic variability and non-genetic factors, such as serological markers, as they relate to IBD pathogenesis and mechanism of action of this class of therapies. The potential clinical and genetic associations between genetic risk variants, ANCA, and IBD may provide important insights to treating or predicting anti-TNF nonresponse in patients with IBD.

There is no single or combination diagnostic test that can predict, with a high enough degree of accuracy, patients who will primarily not respond to anti-TNF therapy. With new treatments available, using risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) disclosed herein in combination with ANCA to identifying subjects non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy would be a great test to eliminate expensive delay of effective treatment by a different drug, such an inhibitor of a different target, like tumor necrosis family ligand 1 (TL1A).

Aspects disclosed herein are based, at least in part, on these findings and addresses the need in the art for methods of identifying and treating a subject that is non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy and a method of selecting a therapy for a subject with an IBD using TNFRSF1B and ANCA.

In an aspect, the present application provides methods and systems for treating an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease in a subject comprising with a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, provided a level of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), or a presence of a genetic risk variant comprising a “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B, or a combination thereof, is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In some cases, a first threshold level of ANCA that is at, or above, 100 ELISA units (EU) is used as an independent indicator that the subject is non-responsive, or susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some cases, a second threshold level of ANCA that is below the first threshold level and at, or above 50 EU, is an indicator of the subject being, or being susceptible to, non-response to anti-TNF therapy if either (i) a decrease in circulating TNFR2 levels and/or (ii) a presence of a genetic risk variant or SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus is detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject. In some cases, the therapeutic agent inhibits the activity or expression of gene expression products from genes comprising TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some cases, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TL1A antibody.

Further provided are methods of detecting, and kits for detecting, ANCA levels, the presence of the genetic risk variant or genotype, and/or TNFR2 levels in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease. Such genetic risk variants or genotypes comprise single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rs5745994 and/or rs11757159. Exemplary detection methods involve hybridization assays using nucleic acid probes specific for the SNPs. In some cases, the methods of detecting, and kits for detecting, are used to treat the subject as disclosed herein.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods of treating a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, provided a level of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), or a presence of a genetic risk variant comprising a risk allele at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B (SEQ ID NO: 1), or a combination thereof, is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In some embodiments the genetic risk variant comprises a “C” at nucleobase 501 within rs11757159 of gene locus HLA-DRB6 (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the genetic risk variant comprises a “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B (SEQ ID NO: 1). In some embodiments, a single copy of the genetic risk variant is detected. In some embodiments a single copy of the genetic risk variant confers a heterozygous risk genotype. In some embodiments, two copies of the genetic risk variant are detected. In some embodiments, two copies of the genetic risk variant confers a homozygous risk genotype. In some embodiments, a decreased level of TNFR2 is detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject, compared to a reference value obtained from an individual who is not a carrier of the genetic risk variant. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is at or above a first threshold level comprising 100 ELISA units (EU). In some embodiments, a level of ANCA that is at, or above, the first threshold level detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject is an independent indicator that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is lower than the first threshold level and higher than a second threshold level comprising 50 EU. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is between 50 and 60 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 60 and 70 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 70 and 80 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 80 and 90 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is above 90 EU and below 100 EU. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU, the presence of the genetic risk variant, and a decreased level of TNFR2, detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the presence of the genetic risk variant detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject is indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU and the presence of the genetic risk variant detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU and a decreased level of TNFR2, detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the presence of the genetic risk variant and a decreased level of TNFR2 detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is detected using an assay comprising an anti-ANCA antibody. In some embodiments, the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, the ELISA is an indirect ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed leukocyte ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed neutrophil ELISA. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, comprises inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), perianal Crohn's disease (pCD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, leukopenia, colonic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressive systemic sclerosis, chronic asthma, or fibrostenosis of a small and/or large intestine, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the genetic risk variant is detected by contacting the biological sample obtained from the subject with a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing to 10 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO. 1 spanning nucleobase 256 under standard hybridization conditions. In some embodiments, the standard hybridization conditions comprise an annealing temperature between about 30° C. and about 65° C. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an agonist or an antagonist of gene expression products from genes comprising TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody, small molecule, or stem cell therapy. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody that inhibits the expression or activity of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TLA antibody. In some embodiments, the therapeutic is second-line to an anti-TNF therapy, a steroid, and/or an immunomodulator.

In another aspect, the present application provides methods comprising: assaying to detect in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease a level of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), a presence of a genetic risk variant comprising a risk allele at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B, or a combination thereof; identifying the subject as being non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy, or susceptible to non-response to anti-TNF therapy, provided (i) a level of ANCA that is at or above a first threshold level comprising 100 ELISA units (EU), or (ii) a level of ANCA that is lower than the first threshold level and above a second threshold level comprising about 50 EU, and the presence of the genetic risk variant, are detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject. In some embodiments the genetic risk variant comprises a “C” at nucleobase 501 within rs11757159 of gene locus HLA-DRB6. In some embodiments, the genetic risk variant comprises a “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B (SEQ ID NO: 1). In some embodiments, a single copy of the genetic risk variant is detected. In some embodiments a single copy of the genetic risk variant confers a heterozygous risk genotype. In some embodiments, two copies of the genetic risk variant are detected. In some embodiments, two copies of the genetic risk variant confers a homozygous risk genotype. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise assaying to detect a decreased level of TNFR2 is detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject, as compared to a reference value obtained from an individual who is not a carrier of the genetic risk variant. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is at or above a first threshold level comprising 100 ELISA units (EU). In some embodiments, a level of ANCA that is at, or above, the first threshold level detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject is an independent indicator that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is lower than the first threshold level and higher than a second threshold level comprising 50 EU. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is between 50 and 60 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 60 and 70 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 70 and 80 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 80 and 90 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is above 90 EU and below 100 EU. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU, the presence of the genetic risk variant, and a decreased level of TNFR2, detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the presence of the genetic risk variant detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject is indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU and the presence of the genetic risk variant detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, a level of ANCA below 100 EU and at or above 50 EU and a decreased level of TNFR2, detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the presence of the genetic risk variant and a decreased level of TNFR2 detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject are indicative that the subject is non-responsive, or is susceptible to non-response, to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, methods further comprise treating the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, provided the subject is identified as being non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy, or susceptible to non-response to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an agonist or an antagonist of gene expression products from genes comprising TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody, small molecule, or stem cell therapy. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody that inhibits the expression or activity of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TLA antibody. In some embodiments, the therapeutic is second-line to an anti-TNF therapy, a steroid, and/or an immunomodulator. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, comprises inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), perianal Crohn's disease (pCD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, leukopenia, colonic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressive systemic sclerosis, chronic asthma, or fibrostenosis of a small and/or large intestine, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is detected using an assay comprising an anti-ANCA antibody. In some embodiments, the assay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In some embodiments, the ELISA is an indirect ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed leukocyte ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed neutrophil ELISA. In some embodiments, the genetic risk variant is detected by contacting the biological sample obtained from the subject with a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing to 10 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO. 1 spanning nucleobase 256 under standard hybridization conditions. In some embodiments, the standard hybridization conditions comprise an annealing temperature between about 30° C. and about 65° C.

In another aspect, the present application provides kits comprising a composition comprising at least 10 but less than 50 contiguous nucleobase residues of SEQ ID NO. 1, wherein the contiguous nucleobase residues comprise the nucleobase at position 256 of SEQ ID NO. 1, and wherein the contiguous nucleobase residues are connected to a detectable molecule comprising a fluorophore, and a primer pair configured to hybridize to 10 contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO. 1 spanning nucleobase 256. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a fixed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (fixed-ELISA) comprising an anti-ANCA antibody. In some embodiments, the fixed-ELISA is a fixed leukocyte ELISA. The some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed neutrophil ELISA. In some embodiments the kit is used for the treatment of a subject who has an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease with the therapeutic agent disclosed herein. In some embodiments, treatment of the subject comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effect amount of a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an agonist or an antagonist of gene expression products from genes comprising TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody, small molecule, or stem cell therapy. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody that inhibits the expression or activity of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2, GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, and/or GSDMB. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TLA antibody. In some embodiments, the therapeutic is second-line to an anti-TNF therapy, a steroid, and/or an immunomodulator.

Certain Terminologies

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in the practice of aspects provided herein. Other features and advantages of aspects provided herein will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, various features of embodiments of aspects provided herein. Indeed, aspects provided herein are in no way limited to the methods and materials described. For convenience, certain terms employed herein, in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected here.

Unless stated otherwise, or implicit from context, the following terms and phrases include the meanings provided below. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, or apparent from context, the terms and phrases below do not exclude the meaning that the term or phrase has acquired in the art to which it pertains. The definitions are provided to aid in describing particular embodiments, and are not intended to limit the aspects provided herein, because the scope of the aspects provided herein is limited only by the claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which aspects provided herein belong.

Non-limiting examples of “Biological sample” as used herein means any biological material from which nucleic acids and/or proteins can be obtained. As non-limiting examples, the term encompasses whole blood, peripheral blood, plasma, serum, saliva, mucus, urine, semen, lymph, fecal extract, cheek swab, cells or other bodily fluid or tissue, including but not limited to tissue obtained through surgical biopsy or surgical resection. In various embodiments, the sample comprises tissue from the large and/or small intestine. In various other embodiments, the large intestine sample comprises the cecum, colon (the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon), rectum and/or the anal canal. In yet other embodiments, the small intestine sample comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and/or the ileum. Alternatively, a sample can be obtained through primary patient derived cell lines, or archived patient samples in the form of preserved samples, or fresh frozen samples.

“Treatment” and “treating” as used herein refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition, prevent the pathologic condition, pursue or obtain good overall survival, or lower the chances of the individual developing the condition even if the treatment is ultimately unsuccessful. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition as well as those prone to have the condition or those in whom the condition is to be prevented.

“SNP” as used herein means single nucleotide polymorphism.

“Genetic risk variant” as used herein refers to an allele, whose presence in a polynucleotide sequence is associated with a disease or condition, or susceptibility to developing the disease or condition. Non-limiting examples of diseases or conditions include, inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, comprises inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), perianal Crohn's disease (pCD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, leukopenia, colonic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressive systemic sclerosis, chronic asthma, fibrostenosis of a small and/or large intestine, anti-TNF non-response, leukopenia, and pancreatitis.

“IBD”, “CD” and “UC” as used herein refer to Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn's Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis, respectively.

As used herein, “ANCA” means anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.

The terms “increased,” or “increase” are used herein to generally mean an increase by a statically significant amount; in some embodiments, the terms “increased,” or “increase,” mean an increase of at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example an increase of at least about 10%, at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase or any increase between 10-100% as compared to a reference level. Other examples of “increase” include an increase of at least 2-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 1000-fold or more as compared to a reference level.

The terms, “decreased” or “decrease” are used herein generally to mean a decrease by a statistically significant amount. In some embodiments, “decreased” or “decrease” means a reduction by at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example a decrease by at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% decrease (e.g., absent level or non-detectable level as compared to a reference level), or any decrease between 10-100% as compared to a reference level. In the context of a marker or symptom, by these terms is meant a statistically significant decrease in such level. The decrease can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and is preferably down to a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without a given disease.

“Non-response” or “non-responsive” as used herein, refers to a condition characterized by a subject not responding to the induction of a therapy (primary non-response) or a condition characterized by the subject losing response to the therapy during the treatment (secondary loss of response). In some embodiments, the therapy may include any therapeutic agent or drug therapy used in the “treating” or “treatment” of a subject, as disclosed herein.

“Susceptible” or “susceptibility” to a disease or condition as used herein, refers to a condition of the subject characterized by an increased likelihood to develop the disease or condition, as compared to an individual who is not determined to be susceptible to the disease or condition. In some embodiments, the condition comprises non-response to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, susceptibility to non-response to anti-TNF therapy in a subject means the subject will more likely than not develop non-response to anti-TNF therapy, if an anti-TNF therapy is administered to the subject.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, provided herein, are methods of obtaining a biological sample from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, and assaying the sample to detect level of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), or a presence of a risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 of a gene locus TNFRSF1B, or a decreased level of circulating TNFR2, or a combination thereof, which is indicative of non-response to anti-TNF therapy in the subject. In one aspect, provided herein, are methods of treating the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in the subject with therapeutic agent, provided the subject is identified as being non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. In one aspect, provided herein, are compositions and kits used to identify non-response to anti-TNF therapy in a subject. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a second-line therapy, comprising an anti-TL1A therapy. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease comprises Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

Methods of Treating an Inflammatory Disease or Condition or Fibrostenotic and/or Fibrotic Disease

In one aspect, provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory disease or condition or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the inflammatory condition or disease comprises a condition that involves chronic inflammation of the body caused by pathogens, viruses, foreign bodies or overactive immune responses. Non-limiting examples of inflammatory conditions include, but are not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), perianal Crohn's disease (pCD), ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, leukopenia, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease comprises colonic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, progressive systemic sclerosis, chronic asthma, or fibrostenosis of a small and/or large intestine. In some embodiments, the subject is susceptible to, or is inflicted with, thiopurine toxicity, or a disease caused by thiopurine toxicity (such as pancreatitis or leukopenia). In further embodiments provided, the subject is non-responsive to a therapy comprising anti-TNF alpha therapy, anti-a4-b7 therapy (vedolizumab), anti-IL12p40 therapy (ustekinumab), Thalidomide, or Cytoxin.

Therapeutic Agent

In one aspect, provided herein are methods of treating an inflammatory disease or condition or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease in a subject by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent to the subject. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is second-line to a first therapy, or therapies, comprising an anti-TNF therapy, a steroid, and/or an immunomodulator. A second-line therapy is a therapy that is administered to a subject who (i) does not respond to the induction of a first therapy (e.g., “primary non-response”), or is predicted to experience primary non-response, or (ii) experiences loss of response to the first therapy during the treatment (e.g., “secondary loss of response”). In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an antibody, small molecule, siRNA/short hairpin RNA, peptide, vaccine, or cell-based therapy.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an immunosuppressant, or from a class of drugs that suppress, or reduce, the strength of the immune system. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is an antibody. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a small molecule. Non-limiting examples of immunosuppressant therapeutic agents include STELARA® (ustekinumab), azathioprine (AZA), 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate, and cyclosporin A. (CsA). In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a selective anti-inflammatory drug, or from a class of drugs that specifically target pro-inflammatory molecules in the body. The pro-inflammatory molecules may comprise cytokines, cell trafficking molecules, and/or molecules involved in the innate or adaptive immune responses. The anti-inflammatory drug may comprise an antibody. The anti-inflammatory drug may comprise a small molecule. Non-limiting examples of anti-inflammatory drugs include ENTYVIO® (vedolizumab), corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, mesalamine, COLAZAL® (balsalazide), DIPENTUM® (olsalazine), anti-IL17A (secukinumab), anti-IL13 (tralokinumab and anrukinzumab), MAdCAM-1 (PF-00547659), anti-ICAM (alicaforsen), anti-IL12p40 (ustekinumab), briakinumab (ABT-874), anti-IL23p19 (MED2070), SMAD7-inhibitor (mongersen), modulators of TGFB1, S1PR agonists, anti-TL1A, anti-IL6, anti-IL6R, gp130-Fc, and cirsilineol.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises a stem cell therapy. The stem cell therapy may be embryonic or somatic stem cells. The stem cells may be isolated from a donor (allogeneic) or isolated from the subject (autologous). The stem cells may be expanded adipose-derived stem cells (eASCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from the cells of the subject. The stem cell therapy may specifically target any of the gene expression products disclosed herein. The stem cell therapy may be an immunosuppressant, or anti-inflammatory. In some embodiments, the stem cell therapy comprises Cx601/Alofisel® (darvadstrocel).

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises a small molecule. The small molecule may be used to treat inflammatory diseases or conditions, or fibrostenotic or fibrotic disease. In some embodiments, the small molecule is an agonist. An agonist is a therapeutic agent that causes action in the target molecule. In some embodiments, the small molecule is an antagonist. An antagonist is a therapeutic agent that blocks the action of the target molecule. Non-limiting examples of small molecules include OTEXLA® (apremilast), alicaforsen, and ozanimod (RPC-1063).

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an agonist. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antagonist. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises a small molecule. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an antibody. The therapeutic agent may comprise an agonist or an antagonist of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2 GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, GSDMB, or gene expression products from genes implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, fibrotic, or fibrostenotic disease. The antagonist may inhibit the activity or expression of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2 GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, GSDMB. The therapeutic agent may be an allosteric modulator of TL1A, JAK1, GPR35, ADCY7, IFNG, TNFSF8, PFKFB3, SKAP2 GPR65, SPRED2, IL18R1, GSDMB, or gene expression products from genes implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, fibrotic, or fibrostenotic disease. Non-limiting examples of JAK1 inhibitors include ruxolitinib (INCB018424), s-ruxolitinib (INCB018424), baricitinib (LY3009104, INCB028050), filgotinib (GLPG0634), momelotinib (CYT387), cerdulatinib (PRT062070, PRT2070), LY2784544, NVP-BSK805, 2HCl, Tofacitinib (CP-690550, tasocitinib), XL019, pacritinib (SB1518), tofacitinib, or ZM 39923 HCl. In some embodiments, inhibitors of TNFSF8 include anti-CD30L and anti-CD30 therapies. In some embodiments, inhibitors of PFKFB3 include 1-(4-pyridinyl)-3-(2-quinolinyl)-2-propen-1-one (PFK15).

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of CD30L expression or activity. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of CD30L comprises an anti-CD30L antibody. The anti-CD30L may comprise a heavy chain comprising three complementarity-determining regions: HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3; and a light chain comprising three complementarity-determining regions: LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3. In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 186, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 187, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 188, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 189, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 190, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 191.

In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 192, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 193, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 194, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 195, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 196, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 197.

In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 198, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 199, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 200, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 201, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 202, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 203.

In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 204, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 205, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 206, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 207, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 208, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 209.

In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 210, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 211, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 212, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 213, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 214, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 215.

In some embodiments, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 216, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 217, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 218, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 219, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 220, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 221.

In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 222 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 223. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 224 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 225. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 226 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 227. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 228 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 229. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 230 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 231. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 232 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 233 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 234 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 235 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 236 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 237 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 238 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 239 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 240.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of TL1A expression or activity. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TL1A expression or activity is effective to inhibit TL1A-DR3 binding. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TL1A expression or activity comprises an allosteric modulator of TL1A. An allosteric modulator of TL1A may indirectly influence the effects TL1A on DR3, or TR6/DcR3 on TL1A or DR3. The inhibitor of TL1A expression or activity may be a direct inhibitor or indirect inhibitor. Non-limiting examples of an inhibitor of TL1A expression include RNA to protein TL1A translation inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides targeting the TNFSFJ5 mRNA (such as miRNAs, or siRNA), epigenetic editing (such as targeting the DNA-binding domain of TNFSF15, or post-translational modifications of histone tails and/or DNA molecules). Non-limiting examples of an inhibitor of TL1A activity include antagonists to the TL1A receptors, (DR3 and TR6/DcR3), antagonists to TL1A antigen, and antagonists to gene expression products involved in TL1A mediated disease. Antagonists as disclosed herein, may include, but are not limited to, an anti-TL1A antibody, an anti-TL1A-binding antibody fragment, or a small molecule. The small molecule may be a small molecule that binds to TL1A or DR3. The anti-TL1A antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal. The anti-TL1A antibody may be humanized or chimeric. The anti-TL1A antibody may be a fusion protein. The anti-TL1A antibody may be a blocking anti-TL1A antibody. A blocking antibody blocks binding between two proteins, e.g., a ligand and its receptor. Therefore, a TL1A blocking antibody includes an antibody that prevents binding of TL1A to DR3 and/or TR6/DcR3 receptors. In a non-limiting example, the TL1A blocking antibody binds to DR3. In another example, the TL1A blocking antibody binds to DcR3. In some cases, the TL1A antibody is an anti-TL1A antibody that specifically binds to TL1A. The anti-TL1A antibody may comprise one or more of the antibody sequences of Table 1 and/or Table 2. The anti-DR3 antibody may comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:152-164 and an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:165-169. The anti-DR3 antibody may comprise an amino acid sequence comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3 domains of any one of SEQ ID NOs:152-164 and the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 domains of any one of SEQ ID NOs:165-169.

In some embodiments, an anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising three complementarity-determining regions: HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3; and a light chain comprising three complementarity-determining regions: LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 7, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 8. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 9 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 10.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 11, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 12, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 14, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 16. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 17 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 18.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 24. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 25 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 26.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 27, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 28, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 29, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 33, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 34, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 35. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 30, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 31, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 32, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 33, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 34, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 35. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 36 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 37. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 38. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a light chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 39.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 41, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 42, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 43, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 44, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 45. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 46 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 48, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 49, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 50, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 51, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 52, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 53. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 55.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 56, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 59, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 61, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 69. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 70. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 71. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 72.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 56, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 59, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 62, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 73. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 74. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 75. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 76.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 56, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 59, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 61, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 69. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 70. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 71. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 72.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 56, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 59, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 62, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 73. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 74. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 75. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 66 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 76.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 57, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 60, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 61, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 69. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 70. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 71. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 72. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 73. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 74. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 75. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 67 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 76.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 57, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 60, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 62, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 73. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 74. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 75. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 76. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 69. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 70. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 71. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 68 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 72.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 77, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 79, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 80, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 81, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 82. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 83 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 88. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 83 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 89. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 83 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 90. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 83 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 91. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 84 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 88. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 84 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 89. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 84 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 90. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 84 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 91. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 85 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 88. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 85 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 89. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 85 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 90. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 85 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 91. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 86 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 88. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 86 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 89. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 86 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 90. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 86 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 91. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 88. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 89. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 90. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 87 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 91.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 92, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 94, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 95, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 96, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 97. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 98 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 99. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 100 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 101. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 102 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 103. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 104 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 105. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 106 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 107. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 108 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 109. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 110 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 111. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 112 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 113. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 114 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 115. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 116 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 117. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 118 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 119. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 120 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 121.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 122, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 123, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 124, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 125, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 126, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 127. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 128 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 129.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 130, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 131, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 132, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 133, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 134, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 135. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 136 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 137.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 140, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 141, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 142, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 143, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 144, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 145. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 138 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 139. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 146 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 147. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 148 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 149. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 150 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 151.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 170, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 171, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 172, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 173, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 174, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 175. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 176 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 177.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, a HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, a HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180, a LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 181, a LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 182, and a LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 183. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody comprises a heavy chain (HC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 184 and a light chain (LC) variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 185.

In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A100. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A101. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A102. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A103. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A104. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A105. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A106. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A107. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A108. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A109. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A110. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A111. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A112. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A113. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A114. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A115. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A116. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A117. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A118. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A119. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A120. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A121. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A122. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A123. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A124. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A125. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A126. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A127. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A128. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A129. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A130. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A131. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A132. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A133. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A134. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A135. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A136. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A137. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A138. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A139. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A140. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A141. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A142. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A143. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A144. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A145. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A146. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A147. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A148. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A149. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A150. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A151. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A152. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A153. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A154. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A155. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A156. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A157. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A158. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A159. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A160. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A161. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A162. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A163. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A164. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A165. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A166. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A167. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A168. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A169. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A170. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A171. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A172. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A173. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A174. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A175. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A174. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A176. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A174. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A antibody is A177.

In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A178. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A179. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A180. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A181. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A182. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A183. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A184. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A185. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A186. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A187. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A188. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A189. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A190. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A191. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A192. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A193. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A194. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A195. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A196. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A197. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A198. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A199. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A200. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A201. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A202. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A203. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A204. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A205. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A206. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A207. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A208. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A209. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A210. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A211. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A212. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A213. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A214. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A215. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A216. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A217. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A218. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A219. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A220. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A221. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A222. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A223. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A224. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A225. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A226. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A227. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A228. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A229. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A230. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A231. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A232. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A233. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A234. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A235. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A236. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A237. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A238. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A239. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A240. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A241. In some embodiments, the anti-DR3 is A242.

In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody binds to at least one or more of the same residues of human TL1A as an antibody described herein. For example, the anti-TL1A antibody binds to at least one or more of the same residues of human TL1A as an antibody selected from A100-A177. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody binds to the same epitope of human TL1A as an antibody selected from A100-A177. In some cases, the anti-TL1A antibody binds to the same region of human TL1A as an antibody selected from A100-A177. Non-limiting methods for determining whether an anti-TL1A antibody binds to the same region of a reference antibody are known in the art. An exemplary method comprises a competition assay. For instance, the method comprises determining whether a reference antibody can compete with binding between the reference antibody and the TL1A protein or portion thereof, or determining whether the reference antibody can compete with binding between the reference antibody and the TL1A protein or portion thereof. Exemplary methods include use of surface plasmon resonance to evaluate whether an anti-TL1A antibody can compete with the binding between TL1A and another anti-TL1A antibody. In some cases, surface plasmon resonance is utilized in the competition assay.

In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody binds to at least one or more of the same residues of human CD30L as an antibody described herein. For example, the anti-CD30L antibody binds to at least one or more of the same residues of human CD30L as an antibody selected from A178-A242. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody binds to the same epitope of human CD30L as an antibody selected from A178-A242. In some cases, the anti-CD30L antibody binds to the same region of human CD30L as an antibody selected from A178-A242.

TABLE 1 Non-Limiting Examples of anti-TL1A or anti-DR3 Antibodies and Portions Thereof SEQ ID Sequence   3 GFTFSTYG   4 ISGTGRTT   5 TKERGDYYYG VFDY   6 QTISSW   7 AAS   8 QQYHRSWT   9 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGKSLRL SCAVSGFTFS TYGMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS ISGTGRTTYH ADSVQGRFTV SRDNSKNILY LQMNSLRADD TAVYFCTKER GDYYYGVFDY WGQGTLVTVS S  10 DIQMTQSPST LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQTIS SWLAWYQQTP EKAPKLLIYA ASNLQSGVPS RFSGSGSGTE FTLTISSLQP DDFATYYCQQ YHRSWTFGQG TKVEIT  11 GFTFSSYW  12 IKEDGSEK  13 AREDYDSYYK YGMDV  14 QSILYSSNNK NY  15 WAS  16 QQYYSTPFT  17 EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAVSGFTFS SYWMSWVRQA PGKGLEWVAN IKEDGSEKNY VDSVKGRFTL SSDNAKNSLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARED YDSYYKYGMD VWGQGTAVIV SS  18 DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSIL YSSNNKNYLA WYQQKPGQPP KLLIYWASTR ESGVPDRFSG SGSGTDFTLT ISSLQAEDVS VYYCQQYYST PFTFGPGTKV DIK  19 GGSFTGFY  20 INHRGNT  21 ASPFYDFWSG SDY  22 QSLVHSDGNT Y  23 KIS  24 MQATQFPLT  25 QVQLQQWGAG LLKPSETLSL TCAVYGGSFT GFYWSWIRQP PGKGLEWIGE INHRGNTNYN PSLKSRVTMS VDTSKNQFSL NMISVTAADT AMYFCASPFY DFWSGSDYWG QGTLVTVSS  26 DIMLTQTPLT SPVTLGQPAS ISCKSSQSLV HSDGNTYLSW LQQRPGQPPR LLFYKISNRF SGVPDRFSGS GAGTDFTLKI SRVEAEDVGV YYCMQATQFP LTFGGGTKVE IK  27 GY(X1)F(X2)(X3)YGIS; X1 = P, S, D, Q, N; X2 = T, R; X3 = N, T, Y, H  28 WIS(X1)YNG(X2)(X3)(X4)YA(X5)(X6)(X7)QG; X1 = T, P, S, A; X2 = N, G, V, K, A; X3 = T, K;  X4 = H, N; X5 = Q, R; X6 = K, M; X7 = L, H  29 ENYYGSG(X1)(X2)RGGMD(X3); X1 = S, A;  X2 = Y, P;  X3 = V, A, G  30 GYDFTYYGIS  31 WISTYNGNTH YARMLQG  32 ENYYGSGAYR GGMDV  33 RASQSVSSYL A  34 DASNRAT  35 QQRSNWPWT  36 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYDFT YYGISWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW ISTYNGNTHY ARMLQGRVTM TTDTSTRTAY MELRSLRSDD TAVYYCAREN YYGSGAYRGG MDVWGQGTTV TVSS  37 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPWTFGQ GTKVEIK  38 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYDFT YYGISWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW ISTYNGNTHY ARMLQGRVTM TTDTSTRTAY MELRSLRSDD TAVYYCAREN YYGSGAYRGG MDVWGQGTTV TVSSASTKGP SVFPLAPSSK STSGGTAALG CLVKDYFPEP VTVSWNSGAL TSGVHTFPAV LQSSGLYSLS SVVTVPSSSL GTQTYICNVN HKPSNTKVDK KVEPKSCDKT HTCPPCPAPE AAGAPSVFLF PPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVV VDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQYNSTYRVV SVLTVLHQDW LNGKEYKCKV SNKALPAPIE KTISKAKGQP REPQVYTLPP SREEMTKNQV SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPVLDSDGS FFLYSKLTVD KSRWQQGNVF SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SPG  39 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP EDFAVYYCQQ RSNWPWTFGQ GTKVEIKRTV AAPSVFIFPP SDEQLKSGTA SVVCLLNNFY PREAKVQWKV DNALQSGNSQ ESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLT LSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQG LSSPVTKSFN RGEC  40 SRSYYWG  41 SIYYNGRTYY NPSLKS  42 EDYGDYGAFD I  43 RASQGISSAL A  44 DASSLES  45 QQFNSYPLT  46 QLQLQESGPG LVKPSETLSL TCTVSGGSIS SRSYYWGWIR QPPGKGLEWI GSIYYNGRTY YNPSLKSRVT ISVDTSKNQF SLKLSSVTAA DTAVYYCARE DYGDYGAFDI WGQGTMVTVS S  47 AIQLTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCRASQGIS SALAWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYD ASSLESGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLQP EDFATYYCQQ FNSYPLTFGG GTKVEIK  48 TSNMGVV  49 HILWDDREYSNPALKS  50 MSRNYYGSSYVMDY  51 SASSSVNYMH  52 STSNLAS  53 HQWNNYGT  54 QVTLKESGPALVKPTQTLTLTCTFSGFSLSTSNMGVVWIRQPPGKALEWLAHILWD DREYSNPALKSRLTISKDTSKNQVVLTMTNMDPVDTATYYCARMSRNYYGSSYVMD YWGQGTLVTVSS  55 DIQLTQSPSFLSASVGDRVTITCSASSSVNYMHWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSTSNLASG VPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCHQWNNYGTFGQGTKVEIKR  56 LYGMN  57 NYGMN  58 WINTYTGEPTYADDFKG  59 DTAMDYAMAY  60 DYGKYGDYYAMDY  61 KSSQNIVHSDGNTYLE  62 RSSQSIVHSNGNTYLD  63 KVSNRFS  64 FQGSHVPLT  65 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTLYGMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMG WINTYTGEPTYADDFKGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYYCAR DTAMDYAMAYWGQGTLVTVSS  66 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTLYGMNWVKQAPGKGLKWMG WINTYTGEPTYADDFKGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYFCAR DTAMDYAMAYWGQGTLVTVSS  67 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTNYGMNWVRQAPGQGLEWMG WINTYTGEPTYADDFKGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYYCAR DYGKYGDYYAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS  68 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFTNYGMNWVRQAPGKGLKWMG WINTYTGEPTYADDFKGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYFCAR DYGKYGDYYAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS  69 DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCKSSQNIVHSDGNTYLEWFQQRPGQSP RRLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKVEIKR  70 DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCKSSQNIVHSDGNTYLEWFQQRPGQSP RRLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGQGTKVEIKR  71 DVVMTQTPLSLPVTPGEPASISCKSSQNIVHSDGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSP QLLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKVEIKR  72 DVVMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCKSSQNIVHSDGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSP KVLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKVEIKR  73 DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCRSSQSIVHSNGNTYLDWFQQRPGQSP RRLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKVEIKR  74 DVVMTQSPLSLPVTLGQPASISCRSSQSIVHSNGNTYLDWFQQRPGQSP RRLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGQGTKVEIKR  75 DVVMTQTPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSSQSIVHSNGNTYLDWYLQKPGQSP QLLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKVEIKR  76 DVVMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCRSSQSIVHSNGNTYLDWYLQKPGQSP KVLIYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKINRVEAEDLGVYFCFQGSH VPLTFGGGTKLEIKR  77 GYTFTSSWMH  78 IHPNSGGT  79 ARGDYYGYVS WFAY  80 QNINVL  81 KAS  82 QQGQSYPYT  83 QVQLQQPGSV LVRPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SSWMHWAKQR PGQGLEWIGE IHPNSGGTNY NEKFKGKATV DTSSSTAYVD LSSLTSEDSA VYYCARGDYY GYVSWFAYWG QGTLVTVSS  84 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SSWMHWARQA PGQGLEWIGE IHPNSGGTNY AQKFQGRATL TVDTSSSTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGD YYGYVSWFAY WGQGTLVTVS S  85 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SSWMHWARQA PGQGLEWIGE IHPNSGGTNY AQKFQGRATM TVDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGD YYGYVSWFAY WGQGTLVTVS S  86 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SSWMHWARQA PGQGLEWIGE IHPNSGGTNY AQKFQGRVTM TVDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGD YYGYVSWFAY WGQGTLVTVS S  87 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SSWMHWARQA PGQGLEWMGE IHPNSGGTNY AQKFQGRVTM TVDTSISTAY MELSRLRSDD TAVYYCARGD YYGYVSWFAY WGQGTLVTVS S  88 DIQMNQSPSS LSASLGDTIT ITCHASQNIN VLLSWYQQKP GNIPKLLIYK ASNLHTGVPS RFSGSGSGTG FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ GQSYPYTFGG GTKLEIK  89 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCQASQDIS NYLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYD ASNLETGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ YDNLPYTFGQ GTKLEIK  90 DIQMTQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCQASQNIN VLLNWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYK ASNLHTGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ GQSYPYTFGQ GTKLEIK  91 DIQMNQSPSS LSASVGDRVT ITCQASQNIN VLLSWYQQKP GKAPKLLIYK ASNLHTGVPS RFSGSGSGTD FTFTISSLQP EDIATYYCQQ GQSYPYTFGQ GTKLEIK  92 GYTFTSYDIN  93 WLNPNSGXTG; X = N, Y  94 EVPETAAFEY  95 TSSSSDIGA(X1)(X2)GV(X3); X1 = G, A; X2 = L, S, Q; X3 = H, L  96 GYYNRPS  97 QSXDGTLSAL; X = Y, W, F  98 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS  99 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AXXGVXWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSXDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 100 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 101 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 102 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 103 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSYDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 104 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 105 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AALGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLT1TGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 106 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 107 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGSGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 108 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 109 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGQGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 110 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGNTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 111 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVLWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 112 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 113 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 114 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 115 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGSGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 116 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 117 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGQGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 118 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 119 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVLWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSWDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 120 QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGASVKV SCKASGYTFT SYDINWVRQA PGQGLEWMGW LNPNSGYTGY AQKFQGRVTM TADRSTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCAREV PETAAFEYWG QGTLVTVSS 121 QSVLTQPPSV SGAPGQRVTI SCTSSSSDIG AGLGVHWYQQ LPGTAPKLLI EGYYNRPSGV PDRFSGSKSG TSASLTITGL LPEDEGDYYC QSFDGTLSAL FGGGTKLTVL G 122 SYFWS 123 YIYYSGNTKYNPSLKS 124 ETGSYYGFDY 125 RASQSINNYLN 126 AASSLQS 127 QQSYSTPRT 128 QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSYFWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGYIYYSGNT KYNPSLKSRVTISIDTSKNQFSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCARETGSYYGFDYWGQGTLV TVSS 129 DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSINNYLNWYQQRPGKAPKLLIYAASSLQSG VPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPGDFATYYCQQSYSTPRTFGQGTKLEIK 130 GYYWN 131 EINHAGNTNYNPSLKS 132 GYCRSTTCYFDY 133 RASQSVRSSYLA 134 GASSRAT 135 QQYGSSPT 136 QVQLQQWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAVHGGSFSGYYWNWIRQPPGKGLEWIGEINHAGNT NYNPSLKSRVTISLDTSKNQFSLTLTSVTAADTAVYYCARGYCRSTTCYFDYWGQGT LVTVSS 137 EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVRSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSRAT GIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPTFGQGTRLEIK 138 EVQLQQSGAELVKPGASVKLSCTASGFDIQDTYMHWVKQRPEQGLEWIGRIDPASGH TKYDPKFQVKATITTDTSSNTAYLQLSSLTSEDTAVYYCSRSGGLPDVWGAGTTVTV SS 139 QIVLSQSPAILSASPGEKVTMTCRASSSVSYMYWYQQKPGSSPKPWIYATSNLASGV PDRFSGSGSGTSYSLTISRVEAEDAATYYCQQWSGNPRTFGGGTKLEIK 140 GFDIQDTYMH 141 RIDPASGHTKYDPKFQV 142 SGGLPDV 143 RASSSVSYMY 144 ATSNLAS 145 QQWSGNPRT 146 QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKLSCKASGFDIQDTYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGRIDPASGH TKYDPKFQVRVTMTTDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCSRSGGLPDVWGQGTTVTV SS 147 EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERVTMSCRASSSVSYMYWYQQKPGQAPRPWIYATSNLASGV PDRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSGNPRTFGGGTKLEIK 148 QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKLSCKASGFDIQDTYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGRIDPASGH TKYDPKFQVRVTMTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCSRSGGLPDVWGQGTTVTV SS 149 EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASSSVSYMYWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYATSNLASGI PDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSGNPRTFGGGTKLEIK 150 QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFDIQDTYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMGRIDPASGH TKYDPKFQVRVTMTRDTSTSTVYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSGGLPDVWGQGTTVTV SS 151 EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASSSVSYMYWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYATSNLASGV PDRFSGSGSGTDYTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQWSGNPRTFGGGTKLEIK 152 EVMLVESGGGLVKPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQTPEKRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMSSLRSEDTAIYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TSVTVSS 153 EVMLVESGGGLVKPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQTPEKRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMSSLRSEDTAIYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TSVTVSS 154 EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWVSTITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 155 EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWVSTITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 156 EVQLLESGGGLVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWLATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNSKSTLYLQMGSLRAEDMAVYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 157 EVQLLESGGGLVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWLATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNSKSTLYLQMGSLRAEDMAVYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 158 QVQLVESGGGLIQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQARGQRLEWVSTITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNSKSTLYMELSSLRSEDTAVYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 159 QVQLVESGGGLIQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQARGQRLEWVSTITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNSKSTLYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 160 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGKRLEWVSTITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRENAKSTLYLQMNSLRTEDTALYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 161 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKVSCKASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGKRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRENAKSTLYLQMNSLRTEDTALYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 162 EVQLLQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLHLQMNSLRAEDTAVYNCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 163 EVQLLQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLHLQMNSLRAEDTAIYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 164 EVMLLQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFTFTNYAMSWVRQAPGQRLEWVATITSGGSY IYYLDSVKGRFTISRDNAKSTLHLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARRKDGNYYYAMDYWGQG TTVTVSS 165 DIVLTQSPASLAVSLGQRATISCRASESVDSYGNSFIHWYQQKAGQPPKLLIYRASN LESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTINPVEADDVATYYCQQSYEDPWTFGGGTKLEIK 166 DIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASESVDSYGNSFIHWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYRASN LESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQSYEDPWTFGGGTKXEIK 167 DIVLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASESVDSYGNSFIHWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYRASN LESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYEDPWTFGGGTKXEIK 168 DIVLTQSPDFQSVTPKEKVTITCRASESVDSYGNSFIHWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYRASN LESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLTISSLEAEDAATYYCQQSYEDPWTFGGGTKXEIK 169 DIVLTQTPLSLSVTPGQPASISCRASESVDSYGNSFIHWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYRASN LESGIPARFSGSGSRTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCQQSYEDPWTFGGGTKXEIK 170 TYGMS 171 WMNTYSGVTTYADDFKG 172 EGYVFDDYYATDY 173 RSSQNIVHSDGNTYLE 174 KVSNRFS 175 FQGSHVPLT 176 QIQLVQSGPELKKPGETVKISCKASGYTFTTYGMSWVKQAPGKGLKWMGWMNTYSG VTTYADDFKGRFAFSLETSASTAYMQIDNLKNEDTATYFCAREGYVFDDYYATDYW GQGTSVTVSS 177 DVLMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCRSSQNIVHSDGNTYLEWYLQKPGQSPKLLIYKV SNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGIYYCFQGSHVPLTFGAGTKLELK 178 KYDIN 179 WIFPGDGRTDYNEKFKG 180 YGPAMDY 181 RSSQTIVHSNGDTYLD 182 KVSNRFS 183 FQGSHVPYT 184 MGWSWVFLFLLSVTAGVHSQVHLQQSGPELVKPGASVKLSCKASGYTFTKYDINWV RQRPEQGLEWIGWIFPGDGRTDYNEKFKGKATLTTDKSSSTAYMEVSRLTSEDSAV YFCARYGPAMDYWGQGTSVTVAS 185 MKLPVRLLVLMFWIPASSSDVLMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCRSSQTIVHSNGDTY LDWFLQKPGQSPKWYKVSNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYYCFQ GSHVPYTFGGGTKLEIK

TABLE 2 Non-Limiting Examples of anti-TL1A and anti-DR3 Antibodies HC LC Antibody Variable Domain Variable Domain Name (SEQ ID NO) (SEQ ID NO) A100 9 10 A101 17 18 A102 25 26 A103 36 37 A104 46 47 A105 54 55 A106 65 69 A107 65 70 A108 65 71 A109 65 72 A110 65 73 A111 65 74 A112 65 75 A113 65 76 A114 66 69 A115 66 70 A116 66 71 A117 66 72 A118 66 73 A119 66 74 A120 66 75 A121 66 76 A122 67 69 A123 67 70 A124 67 71 A125 67 72 A126 67 73 A127 67 74 A128 67 75 A129 67 76 A130 68 69 A131 68 70 A132 68 71 A133 68 72 A134 68 73 A135 68 74 A136 68 75 A137 68 76 A138 83 88 A139 83 89 A140 83 90 A141 83 91 A142 84 88 A143 84 89 A144 84 90 A145 84 91 A146 85 88 A147 85 89 A148 85 90 A149 85 91 A150 86 88 A151 86 89 A152 86 90 A153 86 91 A154 87 88 A155 87 89 A156 87 90 A157 87 91 A158 98 99 A159 100 101 A160 102 103 A161 104 105 A162 106 107 A163 108 109 A164 110 111 A165 112 113 A166 114 115 A167 116 117 A168 118 119 A169 120 121 A170 128 129 A171 136 137 A172 138 139 A173 146 147 A174 148 149 A175 150 151 A176 176 177 A177 184 185 A178 152 165 A179 152 166 A180 152 167 A181 152 168 A182 152 169 A183 153 165 A184 153 166 A185 153 167 A186 153 168 A187 153 169 A188 154 165 A189 154 166 A190 154 167 A191 154 168 A192 154 169 A193 155 165 A194 155 166 A195 155 167 A196 155 168 A197 155 169 A198 156 165 A199 156 166 A200 156 167 A201 156 168 A202 156 169 A203 157 165 A204 157 166 A205 157 167 A206 157 168 A207 157 169 A208 158 165 A209 158 166 A210 158 167 A211 158 168 A212 158 169 A213 159 165 A214 159 166 A215 159 167 A216 159 168 A217 159 169 A218 160 165 A219 160 166 A220 160 167 A221 160 168 A222 160 169 A223 161 165 A224 161 166 A225 161 167 A226 161 168 A227 161 169 A228 162 165 A229 162 166 A230 162 167 A231 162 168 A232 162 169 A233 163 165 A234 163 166 A235 163 167 A236 163 168 A237 163 169 A238 164 165 A239 164 166 A240 164 167 A241 164 168 A242 164 169

Methods disclosed herein may comprise administering any one of the disclosed therapeutic agents alone. In other embodiments, methods disclosed herein may comprise administering any of the disclosed therapeutic agents in combination with another therapeutic agent disclosed herein, a nutritional-based therapy, a nature-based therapy, a diet-based therapy, or a combination thereof. A non-limiting example of a nature-based therapy includes microbial-based treatments such as probiotics.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Associated with Non-Response to Anti-TNF Therapy

In one aspect, provided herein, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. The SNP may be located at a gene locus involved in the mammalian innate and adaptive immune responses. In some embodiments, the gene locus is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. In further embodiments, the gene locus is involved in autophagy and/or apoptosis. In some embodiments, the gene locus is in the major histocompatibility system, HLA. The gene locus may comprise TNFRSF1B, or HLA-DRB6, or a combination thereof.

In aspect, provided herein, a SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising a risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO:1), a portion of which is shown in Table 3, or any polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium therewith is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In one embodiment, the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprises the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within SEQ ID NO. 1. A TNFRSF1B risk genotype may comprise a single copy of the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO. 1). A TNFRSF1B risk genotype may comprise two copies of the of the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO. 1). In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus is used to predict and/or diagnose non-response to anti-TNF therapy in a subject. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus is used to treat the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in a subject who is, or is predicted to be, non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. TNFRSF1B is a gene that encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), which is a membrane-bound receptor of TNF-α and a critical signaling protein in the immune system. TNFR2, and nucleic acids encoding TNFR2, are characterized by NCBI Gene ID 7133.

In an aspect, provided herein, a SNP at the HLA-DRB6 gene locus comprising a risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 501 within rs11757159 (SEQ ID NO: 2), a portion of which sequence is shown in of Table 3, or any SNP in linkage disequilibrium therewith, is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In some embodiments, the SNP at the HLA-DRB6 gene locus comprises the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 501 within SEQ ID NO. 2. A HLA-DRB6 risk genotype may comprise a single copy of the risk allele, “C,” at nucleobase 501 within rs11757159 (SEQ ID NO. 2). The HLA-DRB6 risk genotype may comprise two copies of the risk allele, “C,” at nucleobase 501 within rs11757159 (SEQ ID NO. 2). In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the SNP at the HLA-DRB6 gene locus is used to predict and/or diagnose non-response to anti-TNF therapy. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the SNP at the HLA-DRB6 gene locus is used to treat the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in a subject who is, or is predicted to be, non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. HLA-DRB6 is a gene that encodes a major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 6 (HLA-DRB6). HLA-DRB6, and nucleic acids encoding HLA-DRB6, are characterized by NCBI Gene ID 3128.

TABLE 3 SNPS Associated with Non-Response to anti-TNF Therapy SEQ Gene Risk ID No. SNP Locus Allele Sequence 1 rs5745994 TNFRSF1B C TGCTCCCGGG GGTCCTGGGA AGGCACAATG GTGACAGTGC TGCAGCTCTG CACTCCTGGA GGGTCACTCA GAGAC [C/T] CGAGAGAGGAGGGCTCTGCG TCTGCTCCTC TGTCCAGGGC TGTAGCTTCT CTGGGTGCCT TTGCTTTTCT 2 rs11757159 HLA-DRB6 C TGGTTTCTCA TCTCAATGTT TGACAAGTTT GTTTCAGTTG TTATAGTCTG TTCTCAGTTT TTATGCACTG CCTTTTTGAA [C/T] GTTAGGTTTA CTTTTTTAAT TGACAAGTAA AAATTGTATA GTATATTTAT GTTGTAGAGC ATGAAATTTT GATATATGCC

In some embodiments, provided is a method of detecting a genotype or SNP comprising detecting the presence, absence, and/or quantity of a nucleic acid sequence, or portion thereof, selected from SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, or a combination thereof of Table 3. In some embodiments, provided is a method of detecting a genotype or SNP comprising detecting the presence, absence, and/or quantity of a nucleic acid sequence, or portion thereof, selected from the reverse complement of SEQ ID NOS: 1-2, or a combination thereof of Table 3. In some cases, a portion of a nucleic acid sequence provided herein comprises at least about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 contiguous nucleobases. In some cases, a portion of a nucleic acid sequence provided herein comprises between about 10 and about 50 contiguous nucleobases, between about 10 and about 40 contiguous nucleobases, between about 15 and about 50 contiguous nucleobases, between about 15 and about 40 contiguous nucleobases, between about 20 and about 50 contiguous nucleobases, and between about 20 and about 40 contiguous nucleobases. In some cases, a portion of a nucleic acid sequence provided herein comprises about 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 contiguous nucleobases. In some cases, a portion of a nucleic acid sequence provided in Table 3 comprises a nucleobase within [brackets]. In some cases, the portion comprises a “C” at nucleobase 501 within SEQ ID NO: 1. In some cases, the portion comprises a “C” at nucleobase 501 within SEQ ID NO: 2. In some cases, e.g., when the reverse complement of SEQ ID NO: 1 is detected, the portion comprises a “T” in the position shown within brackets in Table 3. In some cases, e.g., when the reverse complement of SEQ ID NO: 2 is detected, the portion comprises a “T” in the position shown within brackets in Table 3.

In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the presence of the genotype or SNP in a sample obtained from a subject as determined by detecting the presence or absence of: a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a combination thereof, in the genetic material. In some cases, if the subject comprises the genotype or SNP, the subject is administered a therapeutic agent, as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the presence of the genotype or SNP in a sample obtained from a subject as determined by detecting the presence or absence of: a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1, a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a combination thereof, in the genetic material. In some cases, if the subject comprises the genotype or SNP, the subject is administered a therapeutic agent, as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the presence of the genotype or SNP in a sample obtained from a subject as determined by detecting the presence or absence of: the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 90% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a combination thereof, in the genetic material. In some cases, if the subject comprises the genotype or SNP, the subject is administered a therapeutic agent, as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises determining the presence of the genotype or SNP in a sample obtained from a subject as determined by detecting the presence or absence of: the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 1, the reverse complement of a nucleic acid sequence at least or about 95% identical to a portion of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a combination thereof, in the genetic material. In some cases, if the subject comprises the genotype or SNP, the subject is administered a therapeutic agent, as disclosed herein.

Detecting TNFR2 Levels to Identify Non-Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in a Subject

In one aspect, provided herein, a level of TNFR1 or TNFR2, or a combination thereof, is detected in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2, or combination thereof is lower as compared to an individual who does not express the TNRSF1B risk genotype. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2, or combination thereof is higher as compared to an individual who does not express the TNRSF1B risk genotype. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2, or combination thereof is lower as compared to an individual who does not express the HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2, or combination thereof is higher as compared to an individual who does not express the HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2 is used to predict and/or diagnose non-response to anti-TNF therapy in a subject. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of the level of TNFR1 or TNFR2 is used to treat the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in a subject who is, or is predicted to be, non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. In some embodiments, a method of detecting a level of TNFR1 and/or TNFR2 comprises performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other means known in the art for the detection of proteins, such as those described elsewhere herein.

TNFRSF1B is a gene that encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), which is a membrane-bound receptor of TNF-α and a critical signaling protein in the immune system. TNFRSF1A is a gene that encodes tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), which is a membrane bound, or soluble, receptor of TNFα, that also plays a role in the immune system. TNFR1 is expressed in almost all the cell types in human body, whereas TNFR2 is largely expressed in immune-related cells, such as lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8 cells), endothelia cells, and thymocytes. TNF-α binding to TNFR2 triggers the recruitment of the adapter proteins TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), precipitating activation of the downstream cascade of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). This cascade results in proliferation of multiple immune-related cells, including cytotoxic T cells, thymocytes, mononuclear cells as well as Treg cells, indicating the complex and crucial role of TNFR2 in human immune response. TNFR2 has also been reported to mediate slan dendritic cell (slanDC) enhancement of NK-cell function, promote suppressive activities of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and play a crucial auxiliary role to TNFR1 in sensitizing macrophages for the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NFkB proinflammatory signaling pathways.

Detecting ANCA Levels to Identify Non-Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in a Subject

In one aspect, provided herein, a level of ANCA is detected in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease. ANCA levels may comprise a threshold level that serves as an independent indicator of a subject being, or being susceptible to, non-response to anti-TNF therapy. In an embodiment provided herein, a first threshold ANCA level is at or above about 100 ELISA units (EU), which is an independent indicator of the subject being, or being susceptible to, non-response to anti-TNF therapy. ANCA levels may comprise a second level that is lower than about 100 EU and above about 50 EU, which serves as an indicator of a subject being, or being susceptible to, non-response to anti-TNF therapy if either (i) a decrease in circulating TNFR2 levels, or (ii) a presence of the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus, or a combination thereof, is detected in the sample obtained from the subject. In another embodiment, the second threshold level of ANCA is at or above 50 EU. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is between 50 and 60 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 60 and 70 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 70 and 80 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 80 and 90 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is above 90 EU and below 100 EU. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of ANCA levels, as disclosed herein, is used to predict and/or diagnose non-response to anti-TNF therapy in a subject. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of ANCA levels is used to treat the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, in a subject who is, or is predicted to be, non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy.

In some embodiments, the ANCA level is measured using immunohistochemistry. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA may be a fixed-ELISA. The fixed-ELISA may be fixed granulocytes as disclosed, for example, in Saxon et al., A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, J. Allergy Clin. Immuno. 86:2; 202-210 (August 1990).

Previous studies suggest that serum ANCA is a result of reactivity to local antigens. Previous studies have shown that the antigen for IBD-associated ANCA is nuclear and reactivity can be eliminated by pretreating neutrophils with DNase, which suggests that ANCA could be a marker for increased nuclear destruction within the mucosa involving release of nuclear antigens potentially related to ongoing apoptotic activity. Inhibition of mucosal inflammation by TNFα is driven by induction of T-cell apoptosis. Apoptosis is dependent on a balance of pro versus anti-apoptotic signal generating molecules that induce or protect against apoptosis. Membrane TNF, present on macrophages, preferentially binds to TNFR2 as opposed to TNFR1 on activated CD4 T cells. Downstream signaling of TNFR2 activates NFKB, which induces intracellular molecules and soluble cytokines that protect the cell from proapoptotic signals and raise the threshold for apoptosis in CD4 T cells. The result is increasing numbers of activated mucosal T cells in patients with IBD. Therapeutic antibodies to TNF bind transmembrane TNF, potentially preventing TNFR2 signaling that lowers the apoptotic threshold and makes these cells more susceptible to ongoing apoptosis, resulting in decreased numbers of mucosal effector T cells. Thus, without being bound to any particular theory, high ANCA levels and lower levels of TNFR2 (reflected by lower circulating TNFR2 levels) suggest ongoing mucosal apoptosis. Therefore, treating this population with anti-TNF will not further enhance apoptosis and a therapeutic that targets different mechanisms, such as a therapeutic targeting TL1A, would be indicated.

Detecting the TNRSF1B Risk Genotype, Decreased TNFR2, and ANCA Level to Identify Non-Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in Subjects with IBD

In one aspect, provided herein, detection of a TNFRSF1B risk genotype, an increased level of ANCA, and decreased circulating TNFR2, in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, is used to identify or predict non-response to anti-TNF therapy in the subject. In one aspect, provided herein, detection of a TNFRSF1B risk genotype, an increased level of ANCA, and decreased circulating TNFR2, in a biological sample obtained from a subject with an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, is used to treat the inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease. In aspect, provided herein, a SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising a risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO: 1), a portion of which sequence shown in of Table 3, or any polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium therewith is detected in a biological sample obtained from the subject. In one embodiment, the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprises the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within SEQ ID NO. 1. A TNFRSF1B risk genotype may comprise a single copy of the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO. 1). A TNFRSF1B risk genotype may comprise two copies of the of the risk allele, “C” at nucleobase 256 within rs5745994 (SEQ ID NO. 1). In some embodiments, the TNFRSF1B risk genotype may be detected by contacting the biological sample obtained from the subject with a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing to 10 nucleobases of SEQ ID NO. 1 spanning nucleobase 256 under standard hybridization conditions. In some embodiments, the standard hybridization conditions comprise an annealing temperature between about 30° C. and about 65° C. In an embodiment provided herein, a first threshold ANCA level is at or above about 100 ELISA units (EU), which is an independent indicator that the subject is, or is susceptible to non-response to anti-TNF therapy. ANCA levels may comprise a level that is lower than about 100 EU and above about 50 EU, which serves as an indicator that the subject is, or is susceptible to, non-response to anti-TNF therapy if either (i) a decrease in circulating TNFR2 levels, or (ii) a presence of the SNP at the TNFRSF1B gene locus, or a combination thereof, is detected in the biological sample obtained from the subject. In another embodiment, a second threshold level of ANCA is at or above 50 EU. In some embodiments, the level of ANCA is between 50 and 60 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 60 and 70 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 70 and 80 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is between 80 and 90 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is above 90 EU and below 100 EU. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is measured using immunohistochemistry. In some embodiments, the ANCA level is measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA may be a fixed-ELISA. The fixed-ELISA may be fixed with granulocytes as disclosed, for example, in Saxon et al., A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, J. Allergy Clin. Immuno. 86:2; 202-210 (August 1990). In some embodiments, the level of TNFR2 is lower as compared to an individual who does not express the TNRSF1B risk genotype. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR2 is measured using immunohistochemistry. In some embodiments, the level of TNFR2 is measured using an ELISA.

Methods of Selecting a Therapy

In an aspect, provided herein, are methods of selecting a therapy for a subject with inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease, comprising requesting the results of whether the subject is non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy, wherein the results are obtained by (i) obtaining a biological sample from the subject, (ii) assaying the sample to determine the presence of a TNFRSF1B SNP, (iii) assaying the sample for a serological factor comprising ANCA; determining the subject as non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy based on the presence of a TNFRSF1B SNP and an increase in the serological factor relative to a reference value obtained from an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP; and selecting a non-anti-TNF therapy for the subject. In some embodiments, the non-anti-TNF therapy comprises an anti-TL1A therapy. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A therapy comprises an anti-TL1A antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-TL1A therapy comprises a blocking TL1A antibody. In some embodiments, inflammatory disease and/or condition comprises IBD. In some embodiments, the IBD comprises Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the method further comprises assaying for TNFR2 levels. In other embodiments, a decrease in TNFR2 levels as compared to an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP, is indicative of a subject non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy. In various embodiments, the method further comprises administering the non-anti-TNF therapy, which includes but is not limited, to those disclosed above. In other embodiments, the method further comprises assaying the biological sample for the presence of a HLA-DRB6 SNP. In various embodiments, the biological sample is assayed for the HLA-DRB6 SNP and a serological factor. In some embodiments, the HLA-DRB6 SNP variant is rs11757159 (SEQ ID NO: 2). In some embodiments, the serological factor is ANCA. In some embodiments, the presence of the HLA-DRB6 SNP is associated with a decrease in ANCA.

Compositions and Kits

In an aspect, disclosed herein, are kits to identify a subject with IBD, CD and/or UC that is non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy and/or selecting a therapy for a subject with IBD, CD and/or UC in need of treatment. The kit is useful for practicing the methods disclosed herein. The kit is an assemblage of materials or components, including at least one of the inventive compositions. Thus, in some embodiments the kit contains a composition including primers and probes for detecting the proteins and/or genes comprising TNFRSF1B, ANCA, TNFR2 and/or HLA-DRB6, as described above.

The exact nature of the components configured in the inventive kit depends on its intended purpose. For example, some embodiments are configured for the purpose of assessing risk variants, protein level, and/or gene expression levels. In some embodiments, the kit is configured to detect a presence, or gene expression levels, of TNFRSF1B in a sample. In yet other embodiments, the kit is configured to detect the presence, or gene expression levels, of gene expression products from the gene TNFRSF1B and/or HLA-DRB6 in a sample. Gene expression product from a gene may be RNA and/or protein expressed from the gene.

Other embodiments are configured for the purpose of assessing protein levels. In some embodiments, the kit is configured to detect the protein levels of TNFR1, TNFR2, and/or ANCA in a sample. In some other embodiments, the kit is configured to detect the protein levels of ANCA, TNFR2 and/or HLA-DRB6 in a sample. In one embodiment, the kit is configured to detect TNFRSF1B and/or HLA-DRB6 risk genotypes in a sample.

In one embodiment, the kit is configured particularly for the purpose of assessing mammalian subjects. In another embodiment, the kit is configured particularly for the purpose of assessing human subjects. In further embodiments, the kit is configured for veterinary applications, assessing subjects such as, but not limited to, farm animals, domestic animals, and laboratory animals.

Instructions for use may be included in the kit. “Instructions for use” typically include a tangible expression describing the technique to be employed in using the components of the kit to effect a desired outcome, such as to identify a subject with IBD, CD and/or UC that is non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy and/or select a therapy for, or treat using the therapy, a subject with IBD, CD and/or UC in need of treatment. In some embodiments, the therapy comprises an inhibitor of TL1A activity or expression. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TL1A activity or expression comprises an anti-TL1A antibody. Optionally, the kit also contains other useful components, such as, primers, diluents, buffers, pipetting or measuring tools or other useful paraphernalia as will be readily recognized by those of skill in the art.

The materials or components assembled in the kit can be provided to the practitioner stored in any convenient and suitable ways that preserve their operability and utility. For example the components can be in dissolved, dehydrated, or lyophilized form; they can be provided at room, refrigerated or frozen temperatures. The components are typically contained in suitable packaging material(s). As employed herein, the phrase “packaging material” refers to one or more physical structures used to house the contents of the kit, such as inventive compositions and the like. The packaging material is constructed by well-known methods, preferably to provide a sterile, contaminant-free environment. The packaging materials employed in the kit are those customarily utilized in gene and/or protein expression assays. As used herein, the term “package” refers to a suitable solid matrix or material such as glass, plastic, paper, foil, and the like, capable of holding the individual kit components. Thus, for example, a package can be a glass vial used to contain suitable quantities of an inventive composition containing primers and probes for detection of proteins and/or genes selected from TNFRSF1B, ANCA, TNFR2 and/or HLA-DRB6. The packaging material generally has an external label which indicates the contents and/or purpose of the kit and/or its components.

An aspect, provided herein, are compositions comprising at least 10 but less than 50 contiguous nucleobase residues of SEQ ID NOs. 1 or 2, wherein the contiguous nucleobase residues comprise the nucleobase at position 256 of SEQ ID No. 1, or position 501 at SEQ ID No. 2, and wherein the contiguous nucleobase residues are connected to a detectable molecule. The detectable molecule may be any molecule suitable for nucleic acid detection. In some embodiments, the detectable molecule is a fluorophore. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleobase residues are connected to a quencher. As a non-limiting example, the compositions are a probe useful for detection of the presence or absence of a SNP disclosed herein. An aspect, provided herein are kits comprising a probe described herein and a primer pair, each primer having a nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to 10 different contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the primer pair is configured to amplify at least about 30 nucleobases of SEQ ID NO: 1 in a standard amplification assay (e.g., PCR), and wherein the at least 30 nucleobases comprise nucleobase 256 of SEQ ID NO. 1. In another aspect, provided herein are kits comprising a probe described herein and a primer pair, each primer having a nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to 10 different contiguous nucleobases of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the at least about 30 nucleobases comprise nucleobase 501 of SEQ ID NO. 2. In some embodiments, methods are provided for contacting DNA from a subject with the composition described herein, or using the kit described herein under conditions configured to hybridize the composition to the DNA if the DNA comprises a sequence complementary to the composition. In further embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating the subject with an inhibitor of TL1A activity or expression, provided that the DNA from the subject comprises the sequence complementary to the composition. In some embodiments, the kit disclosed herein comprises an ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA is a fixed-ELISA. In some embodiments, the fixed-ELISA comprises purified phosphopeptidomannan derived from yeast configured to detect a level of ANCA, as disclosed herein.

Biological Samples, Sample Preparation and Genotype Detection

In an aspect, provided herein, the steps involve obtaining a biological sample from a subject. The biological sample may be obtained either through surgical biopsy or surgical resection. Alternatively, a sample can be obtained through primary patient derived cell lines, or archived patient samples in the form of FFPE (Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded) samples, or fresh frozen samples. A sample may also comprise whole blood, peripheral blood, plasma, serum, saliva, cheek swab, or other bodily fluid or tissue. In various embodiments, the sample comprises tissue from the large and/or small intestine. In various other embodiments, the large intestine sample comprises the cecum, colon (the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon), rectum and/or the anal canal. In yet other embodiments, the small intestine sample comprises the duodenum, jejunum, and/or the ileum. In some embodiments, the sample is a blood sample. In yet other embodiments, the sample is serum. In yet other embodiments, two samples are collected. In some embodiments, the samples are tissue and blood.

Nucleic acid or protein samples derived from the biological sample (i.e., tissue and/or cells) of a subject that can be used in the methods disclosed herein can be prepared by means well known in the art. For example, surgical procedures or needle biopsy aspiration can be used to collect the biological samples from a subject. In some embodiments, it is important to enrich and/or purify the abnormal tissue and/or cell samples from the normal tissue and/or cell samples. In other embodiments, the abnormal tissue and/or cell samples can then be microdissected to reduce the amount of normal tissue contamination prior to extraction of genomic nucleic acid or pre-RNA for use in the methods disclosed herein. Such enrichment and/or purification can be accomplished according to methods well-known in the art, such as needle microdissection, laser microdissection, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and immunological cell sorting.

Analysis of the nucleic acid and/or protein from an individual may be performed using any of various techniques. In various embodiments, assaying gene expression products from the genes TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, and/or HLA-DRB6 comprises northern blot, reverse transcription PCR, real-time PCR, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), DNA microarray, tiling array, RNA-Seq, or a combination thereof. In various other embodiments, the levels of gene expression products from the genes TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF1A, and/or HLA-DRB6 are assayed. In various other embodiments, the level of gene expression products from the gene TNFRSF1B are assayed. In various other embodiments, the levels of gene expression products from the gene HLA-DRB6 are assayed.

In various other embodiments, determining the protein expression level of ANCA, TNFR1 and/or TNFR2 can be accomplished by analyzing the proteins of a biological sample from the subject. In various embodiments, methods and systems to detect ANCA, TNFR1 and/or TNFR2, include but are not limited to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, western blot, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), radioimmuno assays, and affinity purification. In various embodiments, the assay is an ELISA, including but not limited to indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, competitive ELISA, multiple and portable ELISA, and fixed-ELISA. In various embodiments the ELISA is a fixed neutrophil ELISA. In some embodiments, the ELISA comprises fixed granulocytes, as disclosed, for example, in Saxon et al., A distinct subset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, J. Allergy Clin. Immuno. 86:2; 202-210 (August 1990).

The analysis of gene expression levels may involve amplification of an individual's nucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of nucleic acids is well known in the art (see, for example, Mullis et al. (Eds.), The Polymerase Chain Reaction, Birkhauser, Boston, (1994)).

Methods of “quantitative” amplification may be used to detect the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. For example, quantitative PCR involves simultaneously co-amplifying a known quantity of a control sequence using the same primers. This provides an internal standard that may be used to calibrate the PCR reaction. Detailed protocols for quantitative PCR are provided in Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). Measurement of DNA copy number at microsatellite loci using quantitative PCR analysis is described in Ginzonger, et al. (2000) Cancer Research 60:5405-5409. The known nucleic acid sequence for the genes is sufficient to enable one of skill in the art to routinely select primers to amplify any portion of the gene. Fluorogenic quantitative PCR may also be used in the methods disclosed herein. In fluorogenic quantitative PCR, quantitation is based on amount of fluorescence signals, e.g., TaqMan and sybr green.

Other suitable amplification methods include, but are not limited to, ligase chain reaction (LCR) (see Wu and Wallace (1989) Genomics 4: 560, Landegren, et al. (1988) Science 241:1077, and Barringer et al. (1990) Gene 89: 117), transcription amplification (Kwoh, et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1173), self-sustained sequence replication (Guatelli, et al. (1990) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1874), dot PCR, and linker adapter PCR, etc.

A DNA sample suitable for hybridization can be obtained, e.g., by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA, fragments of genomic DNA, fragments of genomic DNA ligated to adaptor sequences or cloned sequences. Computer programs can be used in the design of primers with the desired specificity and optimal amplification properties, such as Oligo version 5.0 (National Biosciences). PCR methods are described, for example, in Innis et al., eds., 1990, PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods And Applications, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, Calif. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that controlled robotic systems are useful for isolating and amplifying nucleic acids and can be used.

A variety of methods can be used to determine the presence the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. As an example, enzymatic amplification of nucleic acid from an individual may be used to obtain nucleic acid for subsequent analysis, as discussed above. The presence or absence of a variant allele or haplotype may also be determined directly from the individual's nucleic acid without enzymatic amplification.

A TaqmanB allelic discrimination assay available from Applied Biosystems may be useful for detecting the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. In a TaqmanB allelic discrimination assay, a specific, fluorescent, dye-labeled probe for each allele is constructed. The probes contain different fluorescent reporter dyes such as FAM and VIC™ to differentiate the amplification of each allele. In addition, each probe has a quencher dye at one end which quenches fluorescence by fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET). During PCR, each probe anneals specifically to complementary sequences in the nucleic acid from the individual. The 5′ nuclease activity of Taq polymerase is used to cleave only probe that hybridize to the allele. Cleavage separates the reporter dye from the quencher dye, resulting in increased fluorescence by the reporter dye. Thus, the fluorescence signal generated by PCR amplification indicates which alleles are present in the sample. Mismatches between a probe and allele reduce the efficiency of both probe hybridization and cleavage by Taq polymerase, resulting in little to no fluorescent signal. Improved specificity in allelic discrimination assays can be achieved by conjugating a DNA minor grove binder (MGB) group to a DNA probe as described, for example, in Kutyavin et al., “3′-minor groove binder-DNA probes increase sequence specificity at PCR extension temperature, “Nucleic Acids Research 28:655-661 (2000)). Minor grove binders include, but are not limited to, compounds such as dihydrocyclopyrroloindole tripeptide (DPI).

Sequence analysis also may also be useful for detecting the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. In some embodiments, DNA is fully or partially isolated and/or purified from other cellular material prior to or during DNA sequencing of the biological sample. In some instances, DNA is isolated and/or purified from other cellular materials by standard DNA purification techniques including, but not limited to, organic extraction (phenol, chloroform, and/or isoamyl alcohol), cesium chloride density gradients, anion-exchange methods, and selective adsorption to silica. Commercial kits available to at least partially isolate and/or purify DNA from cellular material include, but are not limited to, QlAamp (Qiagen), DNeasy (Qiagen), Quick-gDNA™ (Zymo Research), ZR-96 Quick-gDNA (Zymo Research), Xpedition™ (Zymo Research), DNAzol® (Life Technologies), ChargeSwitch® gDNA Mini Tissue Kit (Life Technologies), PureLink® (Life Technologies), GeneCatcher™ (Life Technologies), ChargeSwitch® Forensic DNA Purification Kit (Life Technologies), ReliaPrep™ (Promega), and Wizard® (Promega). In some instances, DNA is sequenced by traditional sequencing methods (see, A. M. Maxam and W. Gilbert, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560 (1977); Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463 (1977)), next-generation sequencing methods (see, Mardis E R, Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. USA 9:387 (2008)), or additional methods known to one of skill in the art.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis may also be useful for detecting the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype (Jarcho et al. in Dracopoli et al., Current Protocols in Human Genetics pages 2.7.1-2.7.5, John Wiley & Sons, New York; Innis et al., (Ed.), PCR Protocols, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. (1990)). As used herein, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis is any method for distinguishing genetic polymorphisms using a restriction enzyme, which is an endonuclease that catalyzes the degradation of nucleic acid and recognizes a specific base sequence, generally a palindrome or inverted repeat. One skilled in the art understands that the use of RFLP analysis depends upon an enzyme that can differentiate two alleles at a polymorphic site.

Allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization may also be used to detect a disease-predisposing allele. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization is based on the use of a labeled oligonucleotide probe having a sequence perfectly complementary, for example, to the sequence encompassing a disease-predisposing allele. Under appropriate conditions, the allele-specific probe hybridizes to a nucleic acid containing the disease-predisposing allele but does not hybridize to the one or more other alleles, which have one or more nucleotide mismatches as compared to the probe. If desired, a second allele-specific oligonucleotide probe that matches an alternate allele also can be used. Similarly, the technique of allele-specific oligonucleotide amplification can be used to selectively amplify, for example, a disease-predisposing allele by using an allele-specific oligonucleotide primer that is perfectly complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the disease-predisposing allele but which has one or more mismatches as compared to other alleles (Mullis et al., supra, (1994)). One skilled in the art understands that the one or more nucleotide mismatches that distinguish between the disease-predisposing allele and one or more other alleles are preferably located in the center of an allele-specific oligonucleotide primer to be used in allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. In contrast, an allele-specific oligonucleotide primer to be used in PCR amplification preferably contains the one or more nucleotide mismatches that distinguish between the disease-associated and other alleles at the 3′ end of the primer.

A heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) is another assay that may be used to detect the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. HMA is useful for detecting the presence of a polymorphic sequence since a DNA duplex carrying a mismatch has reduced mobility in a polyacrylamide gel compared to the mobility of a perfectly base-paired duplex (Delwart et al., Science 262:1257-1261 (1993); White et al., Genomics 12:301-306 (1992)).

The technique of single strand conformational, polymorphism (SSCP) also may be used to detect the presence of the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype (see Hayashi, K., Methods Applic. 1:34-38 (1991)). This technique can be used to detect mutations based on differences in the secondary structure of single-strand DNA that produce an altered electrophoretic mobility upon non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Polymorphic fragments are detected by comparison of the electrophoretic pattern of the test fragment to corresponding standard fragments containing known alleles.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) also may be used to detect the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. In DGGE, double-stranded DNA is electrophoresed in a gel containing an increasing concentration of denaturant; double-stranded fragments made up of mismatched alleles have segments that melt more rapidly, causing such fragments to migrate differently as compared to perfectly complementary sequences (Sheffield et al., “Identifying DNA Polymorphisms by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis” in Innis et al., supra, 1990).

Other molecular methods useful for determining the presence of the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype. Other well-known approaches for determining the presence of the TNFRSF1 or HLA-DRB6 risk genotype include automated sequencing and RNAase mismatch techniques (Winter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:7575-7579 (1985)). Furthermore, one skilled in the art understands that, where the presence or absence of multiple alleles or haplotype(s) is to be determined, individual alleles can be detected by any combination of molecular methods. See, in general, Birren et al. (Eds.) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Volume 1 (Analyzing DNA) New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1997). In addition, one skilled in the art understands that multiple alleles can be detected in individual reactions or in a single reaction (a “multiplex” assay). In view of the above, one skilled in the art realizes that the methods disclosed herein may be practiced using one or any combination of the assays described above or any another genetic assay.

Labeling

In some embodiments, the protein, polypeptide, nucleic acid, fragments thereof, or fragments thereof ligated to adaptor regions used in the aspects disclosed herein are detectably labeled. As a non-limiting example, a nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to a nucleic acid sequence comprising the SNP within rs5745994 is detectably labeled. As a non-limiting example, a nucleic acid sequence hybridizable to a nucleic acid sequence comprising the SNP within rs11757159 is detectably labeled. For example, the detectable label can be a fluorescent label, e.g., by incorporation of nucleotide analogues. Other labels suitable for use in aspects disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, biotin, iminobiotin, antigens, cofactors, dinitrophenol, lipoic acid, olefinic compounds, detectable polypeptides, electron rich molecules, enzymes capable of generating a detectable signal by action upon a substrate, and radioactive isotopes.

Radioactive isotopes include that can be used in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein, but are not limited to, ³²P and ¹⁴C. Fluorescent molecules suitable for aspects disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, texas red, 5′ carboxy-fluorescein (“FAM”), 2′,7′-dimethoxy-4′,5′-dichloro-6-carboxy-fluorescein (“JOE”), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxy-rhodamine (“TAMRA”), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (“ROX”), HEX, TET, IRD40, and IRD41.

Fluorescent molecules which are suitable for use according to the aspects disclosed herein further include: cyamine dyes, including but not limited to Cy2, Cy3, Cy3.5, CY5, Cy5.5, Cy7 and FLUORX; BODIPY dyes including but not limited to BODIPY-FL, BODIPY-TR, BODIPY-TMR, BODIPY-630/650, and BODIPY-650/670; and ALEXA dyes, including but not limited to ALEXA-488, ALEXA-532, ALEXA-546, ALEXA-568, and ALEXA-594; as well as other fluorescent dyes which will be known to those who are skilled in the art. Electron rich indicator molecules suitable for the aspects disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, ferritin, hemocyanin and colloidal gold.

Two-color fluorescence labeling and detection schemes may also be used (Shena et al., 1995, Science 270:467-470). Use of two or more labels can be useful in detecting variations due to minor differences in experimental conditions (e.g., hybridization conditions). In some embodiments, at least 5, 10, 20, or 100 dyes of different colors can be used for labeling. Such labeling would also permit analysis of multiple samples simultaneously which is encompassed by aspects disclosed herein.

The labeled nucleic acid samples, fragments thereof, or fragments thereof ligated to adaptor regions that can be used in the aspects disclosed herein are contacted to a plurality of oligonucleotide probes under conditions that allow sample nucleic acids having sequences complementary to the probes to hybridize thereto. Depending on the type of label used, the hybridization signals can be detected using methods well known to those of skill in the art including, but not limited to, X-Ray film, phosphor imager, or CCD camera. When fluorescently labeled probes are used, the fluorescence emissions at each site of a transcript array can be, preferably, detected by scanning confocal laser microscopy. In one embodiment, a separate scan, using the appropriate excitation line, is carried out for each of the two fluorophores used. Alternatively, a laser can be used that allows simultaneous specimen illumination at wavelengths specific to the two fluorophores and emissions from the two fluorophores can be analyzed simultaneously (see Shalon et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6, 639-645). In a preferred embodiment, the arrays are scanned with a laser fluorescence scanner with a computer controlled X-Y stage and a microscope objective. Sequential excitation of the two fluorophores is achieved with a multi-line, mixed gas laser, and the emitted light is split by wavelength and detected with two photomultiplier tubes. Such fluorescence laser scanning devices are described, e.g., in Schena et al. (1996) Genome Res. 6, 639-645. Alternatively, a fiber-optic bundle can be used such as that described by Ferguson et al. (1996) Nat. Biotech. 14, 1681-1684. The resulting signals can then be analyzed to determine the expression of TNFRSF1B, ANCA, TNFR2 and/or HLA-DRB6 and housekeeping genes, using computer software.

In other embodiments, where genomic DNA of a subject is fragmented using restriction endonucleases and amplified prior to analysis, the amplification can comprise cloning regions of genomic DNA of the subject. In such methods, amplification of the DNA regions is achieved through the cloning process. For example, expression vectors can be engineered to express large quantities of particular fragments of genomic DNA of the subject (Sambrook and Russel, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 4^(th) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2012)).

In yet other embodiments, where the DNA of a subject is fragmented using restriction endonucleases and amplified prior to analysis, the amplification comprises expressing a nucleic acid encoding a gene, or a gene and flanking genomic regions of nucleic acids, from the subject. RNA (pre-messenger RNA) that comprises the entire transcript including introns is then isolated and used in the methods disclosed herein to analyze and provide a genetic signature of a cancer. In certain embodiments, no amplification is required. In such embodiments, the genomic DNA, or pre-RNA, of a subject may be fragmented using restriction endonucleases or other methods. The resulting fragments may be hybridized to SNP probes. Typically, greater quantities of DNA are needed to be isolated in comparison to the quantity of DNA or pre-mRNA needed where fragments are amplified. For example, where the nucleic acid of a subject is not amplified, a DNA sample of a subject for use in hybridization may be about 400 ng, 500 ng, 600 ng, 700 ng, 800 ng, 900 ng, or 1000 ng of DNA or greater. Alternatively, in other embodiments, methods are used that require very small amounts of nucleic acids for analysis, such as less than 400 ng, 300 ng, 200 ng, 100 ng, 90 ng, 85 ng, 80 ng, 75 ng, 70 ng, 65 ng, 60 ng, 55 ng, 50 ng, or less, such as is used for molecular inversion probe (MIP) assays. These techniques are particularly useful for analyzing clinical samples, such as paraffin embedded formalin-fixed material or small core needle biopsies, characterized as being readily available but generally having reduced DNA quality (e.g., small, fragmented DNA) and/or not providing large amounts of nucleic acids.

Once the expression levels have been determined, the resulting data can be analyzed using various algorithms, based on well-known methods used by those skilled in the art.

Systems

Disclosed herein, in some embodiments, is a system for detecting anti-TNF non-response in a subject, comprising analyzing genes or gene products expressed from TNFRSF1B, and/or HLA-DRB6, in a biological sample obtained from a subject. In some embodiments, the SNPs rs5745994 and rs11757159 of TNFRSF1B, and/or HLA-DRB6, respectively, are analyzed. The system is configured to implement the methods described in this disclosure, including, but not limited to, analyzing genes or gene expression products from the genes of a subject to determine whether the subject is, or is susceptible to being, non-responsive to anti-TNF therapy.

In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a system for detecting anti-TNF non-response in a subject, comprising: (a) a computer processing device, optionally connected to a computer network; and (b) a software module executed by the computer processing device to analyze a gene or gene expression product from one or more of the following TNFRSF1B, and/or HLA-DRB6, in a biological sample from a subject. In some instances, the system comprises a central processing unit (CPU), memory (e.g., random access memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit, computer program, communication interface to communicate with one or more other systems, and any combination thereof. In some instances, the system is coupled to a computer network, for example, the Internet, intranet, and/or extranet that is in communication with the Internet, a telecommunication, or data network. In some embodiments, the system comprises a storage unit to store data and information regarding any aspect of the methods described in this disclosure. Various aspects of the system are a product or article or manufacture.

One feature of a computer program includes a sequence of instructions, executable in the digital processing device's CPU, written to perform a specified task. In some embodiments, computer readable instructions are implemented as program modules, such as functions, features, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. In light of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that a computer program may be written in various versions of various languages.

The functionality of the computer readable instructions are combined or distributed as desired in various environments. In some instances, a computer program comprises one sequence of instructions or a plurality of sequences of instructions. A computer program may be provided from one location. A computer program may be provided from a plurality of locations. In some embodiment, a computer program includes one or more software modules. In some embodiments, a computer program includes, in part or in whole, one or more web applications, one or more mobile applications, one or more standalone applications, one or more web browser plug-ins, extensions, add-ins, or add-ons, or combinations thereof.

Web Application

In some embodiments, a computer program includes a web application. In light of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that a web application may utilize one or more software frameworks and one or more database systems. A web application, for example, is created upon a software framework such as Microsoft® .NET or Ruby on Rails (RoR). A web application, in some instances, utilizes one or more database systems including, by way of non-limiting examples, relational, non-relational, feature oriented, associative, and XML database systems. Suitable relational database systems include, by way of non-limiting examples, Microsoft® SQL Server, mySQL™, and Oracle®. Those of skill in the art will also recognize that a web application may be written in one or more versions of one or more languages. In some embodiments, a web application is written in one or more markup languages, presentation definition languages, client-side scripting languages, server-side coding languages, database query languages, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a web application is written to some extent in a markup language such as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML), or eXtensible Markup Language (XML). In some embodiments, a web application is written to some extent in a presentation definition language such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). In some embodiments, a web application is written to some extent in a client-side scripting language such as Asynchronous Javascript and XML (AJAX), Flash® Actionscript, Javascript, or Silverlight®. In some embodiments, a web application is written to some extent in a server-side coding language such as Active Server Pages (ASP), ColdFusion®, Perl, Java™, JavaServer Pages (JSP), Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), Python™, Ruby, Tcl, Smalltalk, WebDNA®, or Groovy. In some embodiments, a web application is written to some extent in a database query language such as Structured Query Language (SQL). A web application may integrate enterprise server products such as IBM® Lotus Domino®. A web application may include a media player element. A media player element may utilize one or more of many suitable multimedia technologies including, by way of non-limiting examples, Adobe® Flash®, HTML 5, Apple® QuickTime®, Microsoft® Silverlight®, Java™, and Unity®.

Mobile Application

In some instances, a computer program includes a mobile application provided to a mobile digital processing device. The mobile application may be provided to a mobile digital processing device at the time it is manufactured. The mobile application may be provided to a mobile digital processing device via the computer network described herein.

A mobile application is created by techniques known to those of skill in the art using hardware, languages, and development environments known to the art. Those of skill in the art will recognize that mobile applications may be written in several languages. Suitable programming languages include, by way of non-limiting examples, C, C++, C #, Featureive-C, Java™, Javascript, Pascal, Feature Pascal, Python™, Ruby, VB.NET, WML, and XHTML/HTML with or without CSS, or combinations thereof.

Suitable mobile application development environments are available from several sources. Commercially available development environments include, by way of non-limiting examples, AirplaySDK, alcheMo, Appcelerator®, Celsius, Bedrock, Flash Lite, .NET Compact Framework, Rhomobile, and WorkLight Mobile Platform. Other development environments may be available without cost including, by way of non-limiting examples, Lazarus, MobiFlex, MoSync, and Phonegap. Also, mobile device manufacturers distribute software developer kits including, by way of non-limiting examples, iPhone and iPad (iOS) SDK, Android™ SDK, BlackBerry® SDK, BREW SDK, Palm® OS SDK, Symbian SDK, webOS SDK, and Windows® Mobile SDK.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that several commercial forums are available for distribution of mobile applications including, by way of non-limiting examples, Apple® App Store, Android™ Market, BlackBerry® App World, App Store for Palm devices, App Catalog for webOS, Windows® Marketplace for Mobile, Ovi Store for Nokia® devices, Samsung® Apps, and Nintendo® DSi Shop.

Standalone Application

In some embodiments, a computer program includes a standalone application, which is a program that may be run as an independent computer process, not an add-on to an existing process, e.g., not a plug-in. Those of skill in the art will recognize that standalone applications are sometimes compiled. In some instances, a compiler is a computer program(s) that transforms source code written in a programming language into binary feature code such as assembly language or machine code. Suitable compiled programming languages include, by way of non-limiting examples, C, C++, Featureive-C, COBOL, Delphi, Eiffel, Java™, Lisp, Python™ Visual Basic, and VB .NET, or combinations thereof. Compilation may be often performed, at least in part, to create an executable program. In some instances, a computer program includes one or more executable complied applications.

Web Browser Plug-in

A computer program, in some aspects, includes a web browser plug-in. In computing, a plug-in, in some instances, is one or more software components that add specific functionality to a larger software application. Makers of software applications may support plug-ins to enable third-party developers to create abilities which extend an application, to support easily adding new features, and to reduce the size of an application. When supported, plug-ins enable customizing the functionality of a software application. For example, plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, generate interactivity, scan for viruses, and display particular file types. Those of skill in the art will be familiar with several web browser plug-ins including, Adobe® Flash® Player, Microsoft® Silverlight®, and Apple® QuickTime®. The toolbar may comprise one or more web browser extensions, add-ins, or add-ons. The toolbar may comprise one or more explorer bars, tool bands, or desk bands.

In view of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that several plug-in frameworks are available that enable development of plug-ins in various programming languages, including, by way of non-limiting examples, C++, Delphi, Java™ PHP, Python™, and VB .NET, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, Web browsers (also called Internet browsers) are software applications, designed for use with network-connected digital processing devices, for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. Suitable web browsers include, by way of non-limiting examples, Microsoft® Internet Explorer®, Mozilla® Firefox®, Google® Chrome, Apple® Safari®, Opera Software® Opera®, and KDE Konqueror. The web browser, in some instances, is a mobile web browser. Mobile web browsers (also called mircrobrowsers, mini-browsers, and wireless browsers) may be designed for use on mobile digital processing devices including, by way of non-limiting examples, handheld computers, tablet computers, netbook computers, subnotebook computers, smartphones, music players, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and handheld video game systems. Suitable mobile web browsers include, by way of non-limiting examples, Google® Android® browser, RIM BlackBerry® Browser, Apple® Safari®, Palm® Blazer, Palm® WebOS® Browser, Mozilla® Firefox® for mobile, Microsoft® Internet Explorer® Mobile, Amazon® Kindle® Basic Web, Nokia® Browser, Opera Software® Opera® Mobile, and Sony® PSP™ browser.

Software Modules

The medium, method, and system disclosed herein comprise one or more softwares, servers, and database modules, or use of the same. In view of the disclosure provided herein, software modules may be created by techniques known to those of skill in the art using machines, software, and languages known to the art. The software modules disclosed herein may be implemented in a multitude of ways. In some embodiments, a software module comprises a file, a section of code, a programming feature, a programming structure, or combinations thereof. A software module may comprise a plurality of files, a plurality of sections of code, a plurality of programming features, a plurality of programming structures, or combinations thereof. By way of non-limiting examples, the one or more software modules comprises a web application, a mobile application, and/or a standalone application. Software modules may be in one computer program or application. Software modules may be in more than one computer program or application. Software modules may be hosted on one machine. Software modules may be hosted on more than one machine. Software modules may be hosted on cloud computing platforms. Software modules may be hosted on one or more machines in one location. Software modules may be hosted on one or more machines in more than one location.

Databases

The medium, method, and system disclosed herein comprise one or more databases, or use of the same. In view of the disclosure provided herein, those of skill in the art will recognize that many databases are suitable for storage and retrieval of geologic profile, operator activities, division of interest, and/or contact information of royalty owners. Suitable databases include, by way of non-limiting examples, relational databases, non-relational databases, feature oriented databases, feature databases, entity-relationship model databases, associative databases, and XML databases. In some embodiments, a database is internet-based. In some embodiments, a database is web-based. In some embodiments, a database is cloud computing-based. A database may be based on one or more local computer storage devices.

Data Transmission

The subject matter described herein, including methods for obtaining and analyzing a molecular signature from a subject having a pigmented skin lesion, methods for obtaining a pigmented skin lesion, corresponding transmission of data, in certain aspects, are configured to be performed in one or more facilities at one or more locations. Facility locations are not limited by country and include any country or territory. In some instances, one or more steps for obtaining a molecular signature from a sample are performed in a different country than another step of the method. In some instances, one or more steps for obtaining a sample are performed in a different country than one or more steps for obtaining a molecular signature from a sample. In some embodiments, one or more method steps involving a computer system are performed in a different country than another step of the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, data processing and analyses are performed in a different country or location than one or more steps of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, one or more articles, products, or data are transferred from one or more of the facilities to one or more different facilities for analysis or further analysis. An article includes, but is not limited to, one or more components obtained from the tape stripping methods such as the adhesive tape, isolated cellular material obtained from an adhesive tape, processed cellular material, data, and any article or product disclosed herein as an article or product. Processed cellular material includes, but is not limited to, cDNA reverse transcribed from RNA, amplified RNA, amplified cDNA, sequenced DNA, isolated and/or purified RNA, isolated and/or purified DNA, and isolated and/or purified polypeptide. Data includes, but is not limited to, information regarding the gene expression profile of one or more target genes, information regarding a gene sequence profile signature, information regarding a protein sequence profile, information regarding the characteristic of a pigmented skin lesion (e.g., non-melanoma, melanoma in situ, invasive melanoma, stage 1 melanoma, stage 2 melanoma, stage 3 melanoma, stage 4 melanoma), and any data produced by the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the methods and systems described herein, the analysis is performed and a subsequent data transmission step will convey or transmit the results of the analysis. Information regarding a pigmented skin lesion includes, but is not limited to, identification of melanoma, likelihood of treatment success for a subject having melanoma, identification of progression of a melanoma, identification of melanoma in situ, identification of invasive melanoma, and identification of a melanoma stage (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4).

In some embodiments, any step of any method described herein is performed by a software program or module on a computer. In additional or further embodiments, data from any step of any method described herein is transferred to and from facilities located within the same or different countries, including analysis performed in one facility in a particular location and the data shipped to another location or directly to an individual in the same or a different country. In additional or further embodiments, data from any step of any method described herein (including characterization of melanoma in situ and/or invasive melanoma, information regarding cellular material such as DNA, RNA, and protein as well as transformed data, e.g. a molecular signature, from cellular material) is transferred to and/or received from a facility located within the same or different countries, including analysis of a data input, such as cellular material, performed in one facility in a particular location and corresponding data transmitted to another location, or directly to an individual, such as data related to the diagnosis, prognosis, responsiveness to therapy, or the like, in the same or different location or country.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are not intended to limit the scope of the claims to the aspects disclosed herein, but are rather intended to be exemplary of certain embodiments. Any variations in the exemplified methods which occur to the skilled artisan are intended to fall within the scope of the aspects disclosed herein.

Example 1

Cedars-Sinai Cohort

Subjects were recruited in accordance with the recruitment carried out in Franke et al., Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2010; 42:1118-1125; McGovern et al., Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2010; 19:3468-3476; Haritunians T et al., Genetic predictors of medically refractive ulcerative colitis, Inflamm Bow Dis. 2010; 16:1830-1840 and Anderson et al., Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nat Genet. 2011; 43:246-252.

3110 patients with IBD were recruited at the Cedars-Sinai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centers from 1985 to 2010. The diagnosis of each patient was based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples were collected at the time of enrollment. All study participants gave written informed content and the study protocol and data collection, as well as DNA preparation/genotyping and antibody measurement, was approved by the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's Institutional Review Board.

Mount Sinai Hospital Cohort

A total of 1853 IBD cases were recruited and similarly characterized at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada. All subjects provided written consent after institutional review board's approval. The diagnosis of each patient was based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature.

ANCA Level Measurement

ANCA levels in serum from subjects from both centers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). All sera were analyzed in a blinded fashion at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Antibody levels were determined and results expressed as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units (EU/mL) as compared with a positive control (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Qualitative positivity to ANCA was defined as being greater than cutoff values greater than 2 SDs above mean control titers.

Whole-Genome Genotyping:

Cedars-Sinai Cohort

Genotyping was performed at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center using Illumina whole-genome arrays per manufacturer's protocol (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.). The discovery cohort was genotyped on 3 platforms, including Illumina HumanCNV370-Quad (830 subjects), Human610-Quad (1037 subjects), and HumanOmniExpress (1243 subjects) arrays (total 3110 independent subjects). Average genotyping call rates for samples that passed quality control (QC) were 99.86% (HumanCNV370-Quad), 99.83% (Human610-Quad), and 99.85% (HumanOmniExpress). One to two percent of samples were genotyped in replicate and yielded average 99.99% concordance for genotypes called. Optimal allele-calling was verified by manual review of top associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

A stringent QC procedure was applied to the GWAS data. Of the 3110 subjects genotyped, 10 were removed because of high missing rate (>2%), 27 were removed because of cryptic relatedness (Pi_Hat>0.05), 3 were removed because sample either withdrew from the study or was later reclassified as non-IBD, leaving 3070 individuals for further analysis. Seventy-six individuals identified as nonwhites by principal component analysis were also removed. A total of 2959 of the 2994 genotyped subjects had ANCA status and were thereby included in the analyses.

Mount Sinai Hospital Cohort

A total of 1853 patients with IBD from the Mount Sinai Hospital Cohort in Toronto were genotyped on Illumina HumanOmniExpress array. Average genotyping call rates for samples that passed QC were 99.88%. Thirty-two samples genotyped in replicate and yielded average 99.99% concordance for genotypes called. After similar QC procedures as the discovery cohort, 1834 subjects remain in the cleaned data set, of which 419 had ANCA status available measured in the same laboratory as the discovery cohort. The 419 individuals with consistent ANCA measurements were included in this study as replication cohort.

Imputation

To consolidate data from different genotyping platforms, imputation was performed using a hidden Markov model-based algorithm available in the IMPUTE224 software package with Phase 2 HapMap genotypes as the Ref. 25. In the imputed data set, only imputed SNPs with minor allele frequency (MAF)>0.01 and quality score >0.80 in all 3 Illumina platforms were retained, leaving approximately 2.01M SNPs for analyses.

Validation of Top-Hit SNP rs5745994

The most significant novel association observed in the genome-wide association analysis was with an imputed SNP (rs5745994). To validate the imputation, this SNP was included as custom content on the Illumina HumanExome+ array. BeadChip and genotyped as part of a larger project at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center following manufacturer's protocol (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.). Genotype clusters for rs5745994 were visualized to ensure accurate allele-calling. The average genotyping rate of samples in the project that passed genotyping QC was 99.98%. Two hundred seventy-three samples performed in replicate as controls yielded 99.9963% concordance for genotypes called.

Measure of TNFR1 and TNFR2 Levels

TNFR1 and TNFR2 concentrations were assessed in serum by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer specified protocol (Biosource Invitrogen, KAC1761, KAC1771). The assay laboratory at Cedars-Sinai was blinded to subject status. Concentrations are reported in nanogram per milliliter.

Statistical Analysis

ANCA level in IBD cases is not normally distributed and the traditional method for analyzing skewed data, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, is known to have lower efficiency and cannot incorporate covariates in analyses. Therefore, linear regression was used with the nontransformed ANCA level as outcome and for top SNPs, a permutation test was used to retain the type I error rate. The top 3 principal components and genotyping platform (in the discovery cohort) were included in the analysis as covariates to control for potential confounding. SNPTEST 2.2027 and R3.0228 were used in the statistical analysis. Similarly, permutation test was also performed in the analysis comparing circulating levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in carriers and non-carriers of the TNFRSF1B SNP.

Demographic Characteristics

Table 4 shows the demographic characteristics of the 2959 individuals included in the final analyses of the discovery cohort of 1653 (55.86%) CD, 1193 (40.31%) UC, and 113 (3.82%) IBD-unclassified. The average age of disease onset was 25.65±14.56 years old and 1513 (51.13%) are men. Median ANCA levels were 13.21 in CD, 36.00 in UC, and 18.93 in all IBD. A total of 433 CD (26.19%), 788 UC (66.05%), and 1278 all IBD (43.19%) were ANCA positive.

TABLE 4 Demographic Characters of the Discovery Cohort CD UC All IBD N 1653 1193 2959^(a) Sex (M/F) 842/811 608/585 1513/1446 Age of diagnosis 23.64 ± 13.73 28.19 ± 15.05 25.65 ± 14.56 ANCA level  13.21  36.00  18.93 (median) ANCA +/− 433/1220 788/405 1278/1681 ^(a)One hundred thirteen IBD undetermined patients were also included. SNP Associations with ANCA Level

Overall genomic inflation factor for the genome-wide association in the discovery cohort was 1.023 (see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). FIG. 1 shows the Manhattan plot for association with ANCA level in the GWAS. Before performing permutation testing, 2 signals were observed that reached standard and stringent criteria for genome-wide significance threshold of 5.0×10⁻⁸. The most significant SNP (r511757159, MAF=0.326) is located in HLA-DRB6, with the minor allele C (frequency 0.33) associated with lower ANCA level (beta=−7.09, 95% CI, −9.27 to −4.91), with a permutation test P value of 2.55×10⁻¹⁰. The second signal achieving genome-wide significance was located on 1p36.22 (rs5745994, MAF=0.028) which is located in the intron of TNFRSF1B. Individuals carrying the minor allele (C allele) have higher ANCA level (beta=18.12, 95% CI, 11.82-24.22), with a P-value of 1.89×10⁻⁸ after permutation testing (Table 5). Additional haplotype-based analyses and conditional analyses for this region suggest that there is only 1 signal at this locus, tagged by rs5745994 (data not shown).

TABLE 5 Top SNPs in GWAS Analysis Discovery Cohort (N = 2959) Beta SEQ. SNP CHR Position Gene A1 A2 MAF (95% CI) P^(a) 1 rs11757159 6 32.628250 HLA-DRB6 T C 0.326 −7.09 2.55 × 10⁻¹⁰ (−9.27 to −4.91) 2 rs5745994 1 12.169715 TNFRSF1B T C 0.028 18.12 18.9 × 10⁻⁸  (11.86 to 24.38) Replication Meta- Cohort (N = 419) Analysis Beta Beta SEQ. MAF (95% CI) P^(a) (95% CI) P^(a) 1 0.294 −2.30 0.262 −5.99 3.25 × 10⁻⁸  (−6.28 to 1.69) (−7.91 to −4.07) 2 0.031 16.91 2.38 × 10⁻³ 17.81 8.97 × 10⁻¹⁰ (6.13 to 27.69) (12.36 to 23.25) P^(a) values after permutation test. CHR, chromosome; MAF, minor allele frequency. TNFSF1B SNP rs5745994 Associated with IBD

The association of the novel signal in TNFRSF1B was further examined separately in CD and UC. The signal is observed in both CD and UC, with a stronger effect observed in UC (CD: beta=11.14, 95% CI, 4.67-17.62, P=1.24×10⁻³; UC: beta=23.83, 95% CI, 12.88-34.78, P=8.42×10⁻⁵).

Validation of the TNFRSF1B SNP in ExomeChip

As the TNFRSF1B SNP (rs5745994) was an imputed SNP, the imputation, by incorporating this SNP as a SNP in the customized content in our ExomeChip genotyping efforts were validated. Concordance rate between imputed and genotyped data for 2841 individuals with both GWAS and ExomeChip data was 99.64%. As expected, association analysis using only genotyped SNPs yielded similar results (beta=16.78, 95% CI, 10.16-23.40, P=7.15×10^(−b 7))

Replication of the Top Signals

Using an additional cohort of 419 patients with IBD from Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto in which ANCA levels were analyzed at Cedars-Sinai, the association of the TNFRSF1B with ANCA levels were further examined (Table 2). The original observation of an association between the C allele of rs5745994 and ANCA level, with similar effect magnitude (beta=16.91, 95% CI, 6.13-27.69, P=2.38×10⁻³), was confirmed. With a Q-value of 0.036, a fixed-effect meta-analysis for the association of rs5745994 in both cohorts was performed and observed a stronger association signal (beta=17.81, 95% CI, 12.36-23.25, P=8.97×10′). The HLA signal observed in the discovery cohort failed to replicate (beta=−2.30, P=0.262).

Association of the TNFRSF1B SNP with TNFR2 Level

Next, the association between TNFRSF1B (rs5745994) and serum TNFR1 (as control) and TNFR2 levels was tested, in a subset of 239 patients with IBD, of which 58 carried the C allele of rs5745994 with the remainder being homozygous for the T allele. FIG. 3 shows the association of rs5745994 with TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFRSF1B was not associated with TNFR1 (median 2.99 EU/mL in C allele carriers compared with 3.06 EU/mL in noncarriers, P=0.71). In contrast, the median TNFR2 was 8.23 EU/mL in carriers and 9.12 EU/mL in noncarriers (P=0.033), indicating lower serum TNFR2 level in carriers of the C allele.

Example 2

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non Response as Determined by ANCA Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from blood samples.

Fixed-granulocyte ELISA assay: ANCA levels in blood sera or plasma are measured using a high-binding polystyrene microtiter plates coated with a monolayer of granulocytes by the addition of 0.1 ml of Hanks' balanced buffered-sale solution containing 500,000 granulocytes. After the cells settle and spread for 30 minutes at 23° C., the plates are centrifuged at 1000 rpm (300 g) for 5 minutes, the supernatant is aspirated from the wells, and the plates are air-dried for 2 hours. Methanol (100%) is then added for 10 minutes and discarded. The plates are air-dried and then stored at −20° C. For use, the plates are brought to room temperature and blocked for nonspecific binding by addition of 150 microliters of 1% BSA and 1% PBS for 1 hour. The blocking material is discarded, and then 100 microliters of solution of test serum diluted in 1% BSA/PBS is added and incubated for 1 hour in a humidified box. After four washes with PBS and Tween, 100 microliter per well of a 1:1500 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-coupled goat antibuman gamma-chain specific antibody (Tago, Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) in 1% BSA/PBS is added per well for 1 hour. This antibody is discarded, and the wells are washed three times with PBS/Tween and four times with Tris/NaCl (0.05 mol/L of Tris base in 0.9 N NaCl, pH 7.5). Substrate solution (disodium P-nitrophenol phosphate, 1.5 mg/ml and 100 p.1 per well) is added, and color development is allowed to proceed until absorbance at 405 nm in the positive control wells was 0.8. Levels are determined relative to a standard comprising of pooled sera obtained from well-characterized pANCA ulcerative colitis patients. Results are expressed as ELISA units, which reflect a percentage of the standard. Sera with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic IgG antibody exceeding the about 100 EU are termed ANCA+. Optionally, the subject is treated with a non-anti-TNF therapeutic agent provided herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TL1A antibody.

Indirect immunofluorescence assay: Neutrophils separated by dextran sedimentation are re-suspended in PBS, and 100,000 cells are prepared on slides by cytocentrifugation (Cytospin, Shandon Southern Products, Cheshire, U.K.). The slides are fixed in 100% methanol at 4° C. for 10 minutes, air-dried, and stored at −20° C. The sera are tested at a dilution of 1:20, and staining with fluoroscein-labeled F(ab′)2 gamma-chain-specific antibody is performed as described. Slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (40× Epifluor lens, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, N.Y.).

Example 3

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non Response as Determined by Presence of TNFRSF1B SNP

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected.

The presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is detected using quantitative nucleic acid amplification (qPCR) protocols, such as Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). The measurement of DNA copy number at microsatellite loci using qPCR analysis is performed as described in Ginzonger, et al. (2000) Cancer Research 60:5405-5409. The probe sequence used is sufficiently complimentary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 to allow detection of the gene comprising the risk allele, “C,” at position 256 within rs5745994. The probe sequence is conjugated to a reporter dye, such as TaqMan or SYBR green, and a quencher, such that hybridization of the dye-conjugated probe sequence to the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is visualized.

Example 4

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non Response as Determined by TNFR2 Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from the blood samples.

TNFR2 level is assessed in serum or plasma by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer specified protocol (Biosource Invitrogen, KAC1761, KAC1771). Concentrations are reported in nanogram per milliliter.

Example 5

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non-Response as Determined by Presence of TNFRSF1B SNP and ANCA Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from the blood samples.

The presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is detected using quantitative nucleic acid amplification (qPCR) protocols, such as Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). The measurement of DNA copy number at microsatellite loci using qPCR analysis is performed as described in Ginzonger, et al. (2000) Cancer Research 60:5405-5409. The probe sequence used is sufficiently complimentary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 to allow detection of the gene comprising the risk allele, “C,” at position 256 within rs5745994. The probe sequence is conjugated to a reporter dye, such as TaqMan or SYBR green, and a quencher, such that hybridization of the dye-conjugated probe sequence to the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is visualized.

Fixed-granulocyte ELSA assay: ANCA levels in blood sera or plasma are measured using a high-binding polystyrene microtiter plates coated with a monolayer of granulocyres by the addition of 0.1 ml of Hanks' balanced buffered-sale solution containing 500,000 granulocytes. After the cells settle and spread for 30 minutes at 23° C., the plates are centrifuged at 1000 rpm (300 g) for 5 minutes, the supernatant is aspirated from the wells, and the plates are air-dried for 2 hours. Methanol (100%) is then added for 10 minutes and discarded. The plates are air-dried and then stored at −20° C. For use, the plates are brought to room temperature and blocked for nonspecific binding by addition of 150 microliters of 1% BSA and 1% PBS for 1 hour. The blocking material is discarded, and then 100 microliters of solution of test serum diluted in 1% BSA/PBS is added and incubated for 1 hour in a humidified box. After four washes with PBS and Tween, 100 microliter per well of a 1:1500 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-coupled goat antibuman gamma-chain specific antibody (Tago, Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) in 1% BSA/PBS is added per well for 1 hour. This antibody is discarded, and the wells are washed three times with PBS/Tween and four times with Tris/NaCl (0.05 mol/L of Tris base in 0.9 N NaCl, pH 7.5). Substrate solution (disodium P-nitrophenol phosphate, 1.5 mg/ml and 100 p.1 per well) is added, and color development is allowed to proceed until absorbance at 405 nm in the positive control wells was 0.8. Levels are determined relative to a standard comprising of pooled sera obtained from well-characterized pANCA ulcerative colitis patients. Results are expressed as ELISA units, which reflect a percentage of the standard. Sera with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic IgG antibody that is at, or above about 50 EU are termed ANCA+. Optionally, the subject is treated with a non-anti-TNF therapeutic agent provided herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TL1A antibody.

Indirect immunofluorescence assay: Neutrophils separated by dextran sedimentation are re-suspended in PBS, and 100,000 cells are prepared on slides by cytocentrifugation (Cytospin, Shandon Southern Products, Cheshire, U.K.). The slides are fixed in 100% methanol at 4° C. for 10 minutes, air-dried, and stored at −20° C. The sera are tested at a dilution of 1:20, and staining with fluoroscein-labeled F(ab′)2 gamma-chain-specific antibody is performed as described. Slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (40× Epifluor lens, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, N.Y.).

Example 6

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non Response as Determined by Presence of TNFRSF1B SNP and TNFR2 Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from the blood samples.

The presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is detected using quantitative nucleic acid amplification (qPCR) protocols, such as Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). The measurement of DNA copy number at microsatellite loci using qPCR analysis is performed as described in Ginzonger, et al. (2000) Cancer Research 60:5405-5409. The probe sequence used is sufficiently complimentary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 to allow detection of the gene comprising the risk allele, “C,” at position 256 within rs5745994. The probe sequence is conjugated to a reporter dye, such as TaqMan or SYBR green, and a quencher, such that hybridization of the dye-conjugated probe sequence to the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is visualized.

TNFR2 level is assessed in serum or plasma by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer specified protocol (Biosource Invitrogen, KAC1761, KAC1771). Concentrations are reported in nanogram per milliliter.

Example 7

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non-Response as Determined by TNFR2 Level and ANCA Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from the blood samples.

TNFR2 level is assessed in serum or plasma by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer specified protocol (Biosource Invitrogen, KAC1761, KAC1771). Concentrations are reported in nanogram per milliliter.

Fixed-granulocyte ELISA assay: ANCA levels in blood sera or plasma are measured using a high-binding polystyrene microtiter plates coated with a monolayer of granulocyres by the addition of 0.1 ml of Hanks' balanced buffered-sale solution containing 500,000 granulocytes. After the cells settle and spread for 30 minutes at 23° C., the plates are centrifuged at 1000 rpm (300 g) for 5 minutes, the supernatant is aspirated from the wells, and the plates are air-dried for 2 hours. Methanol (100%) is then added for 10 minutes and discarded. The plates are air-dried and then stored at −20° C. For use, the plates are brought to room temperature and blocked for nonspecific binding by addition of 150 microliters of 1% BSA and 1% PBS for 1 hour. The blocking material is discarded, and then 100 microliters of solution of test serum diluted in 1% BSA/PBS is added and incubated for 1 hour in a humidified box. After four washes with PBS and Tween, 100 microliter per well of a 1:1500 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-coupled goat antibuman gamma-chain specific antibody (Tago, Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) in 1% BSA/PBS is added per well for 1 hour. This antibody is discarded, and the wells are washed three times with PBS/Tween and four times with Tris/NaCl (0.05 mol/L of Tris base in 0.9 N NaCl, pH 7.5). Substrate solution (disodium P-nitrophenol phosphate, 1.5 mg/ml and 100 p.1 per well) is added, and color development is allowed to proceed until absorbance at 405 nm in the positive control wells was 0.8. Levels are determined relative to a standard comprising of pooled sera obtained from well-characterized pANCA ulcerative colitis patients. Results are expressed as ELISA units, which reflect a percentage of the standard. Sera with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic IgG antibody that are at, or above, about 50 EU are termed ANCA+. Optionally, the subject is treated with a non-anti-TNF therapeutic agent provided herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TL1A antibody.

Indirect immunofluorescence assay: Neutrophils separated by dextran sedimentation are re-suspended in PBS, and 100,000 cells are prepared on slides by cytocentrifugation (Cytospin, Shandon Southern Products, Cheshire, U.K.). The slides are fixed in 100% methanol at 4° C. for 10 minutes, air-dried, and stored at −20° C. The sera are tested at a dilution of 1:20, and staining with fluoroscein-labeled F(ab′)2 gamma-chain-specific antibody is performed as described. Slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (40×Epifluor lens, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, N.Y.).

Example 8

Detecting Anti-TNF-Alpha Non Response as Determined by Presence of TNFRSF1B SNP, ANCA Level, and TNFR2 Level

Subjects are selected based on a diagnosis of IBD. The diagnosis of each patient is based on standard endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic feature as previously described (Mow et al., Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126:414-424). Blood samples are collected. Blood sera or plasma are isolated from the blood samples.

The presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is detected using quantitative nucleic acid amplification (qPCR) protocols, such as Innis, et al. (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y.). The measurement of DNA copy number at microsatellite loci using qPCR analysis is performed as described in Ginzonger, et al. (2000) Cancer Research 60:5405-5409. The probe sequence used is sufficiently complimentary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 to allow detection of the gene comprising the risk allele, “C,” at position 256 within rs5745994. The probe sequence is conjugated to a reporter dye, such as TaqMan or SYBR green, and a quencher, such that hybridization of the dye-conjugated probe sequence to the TNFRSF1B SNP rs5745994 is visualized.

TNFR2 level is assessed in serum or plasma by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer specified protocol (Biosource Invitrogen, KAC1761, KAC1771). Concentrations are reported in nanogram per milliliter.

Fixed-granulocyte ELISA assay: ANCA levels in blood sera or plasma are measured using a high-binding polystyrene microtiter plates coated with a monolayer of granulocyres by the addition of 0.1 ml of Hanks' balanced buffered-sale solution containing 500,000 granulocytes. After the cells settle and spread for 30 minutes at 23° C., the plates are centrifuged at 1000 rpm (300 g) for 5 minutes, the supernatant is aspirated from the wells, and the plates are air-dried for 2 hours. Methanol (100%) is then added for 10 minutes and discarded. The plates are air-dried and then stored at −20° C. For use, the plates are brought to room temperature and blocked for nonspecific binding by addition of 150 microliters of 1% BSA and 1% PBS for 1 hour. The blocking material is discarded, and then 100 microliters of solution of test serum diluted in 1% BSA/PBS is added and incubated for 1 hour in a humidified box. After four washes with PBS and Tween, 100 microliter per well of a 1:1500 dilution of alkaline phosphatase-coupled goat antibuman gamma-chain specific antibody (Tago, Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) in 1% BSA/PBS is added per well for 1 hour. This antibody is discarded, and the wells are washed three times with PBS/Tween and four times with Tris/NaCl (0.05 mol/L of Tris base in 0.9 N NaCl, pH 7.5). Substrate solution (disodium P-nitrophenol phosphate, 1.5 mg/ml and 100 p.1 per well) is added, and color development is allowed to proceed until absorbance at 405 nm in the positive control wells was 0.8. Levels are determined relative to a standard comprising of pooled sera obtained from well-characterized pANCA ulcerative colitis patients. Results are expressed as ELISA units, which reflect a percentage of the standard. Sera with circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic IgG antibody that is at or above the about 50 EU are termed ANCA+. Optionally, the subject is treated with a non-anti-TNF therapeutic agent provided herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises an anti-TL1A antibody.

Indirect immunofluorescence assay: Neutrophils separated by dextran sedimentation are re-suspended in PBS, and 100,000 cells are prepared on slides by cytocentrifugation (Cytospin, Shandon Southern Products, Cheshire, U.K.). The slides are fixed in 100% methanol at 4° C. for 10 minutes, air-dried, and stored at −20° C. The sera are tested at a dilution of 1:20, and staining with fluoroscein-labeled F(ab′)2 gamma-chain-specific antibody is performed as described. Slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (40× Epifluor lens, Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, N.Y.).

Example 9

Phase 1 Clinical Trial

A phase 1 clinical trial is performed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an anti-TL1A antibody on subjects having an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease.

Single Ascending Dose (SAD) Arms:

Subjects in each group (subjects are grouped based on the presence of a level of ANCA at or above 100 ELISA units (EU), or the presence of a level of ANCA below the 100 EU and above 50 EU, and either of (i) a presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP, and (ii) decreased TNFR2 levels as compared in an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP) receive either a single dose of the antibody or a placebo. Exemplary doses are 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 600 and 800 mg of antibody. Safety monitoring and PK assessments are performed for a predetermined time. Based on evaluation of the PK data, and if the antibody is deemed to be well tolerated, dose escalation occurs, either within the same groups or a further group of healthy subjects. Dose escalation continues until the maximum dose has been attained unless predefined maximum exposure is reached or intolerable side effects become apparent.

Multiple Ascending Dose (MAD) Arms:

Subjects in each group (subjects are grouped based on the same criteria as above) receive multiple doses of the antibody or a placebo. The dose levels and dosing intervals are selected as those that are predicted to be safe from the SAD data. Dose levels and dosing frequency are chosen to achieve therapeutic drug levels within the systemic circulation that are maintained at steady state for several days to allow appropriate safety parameters to be monitored. Samples are collected and analyzed to determination PK profiles.

Inclusion Criteria:

Healthy subjects of non-childbearing potential between the ages of 18 and 55 years. Healthy is defined as no clinically relevant abnormalities identified by a detailed medical history, full physical examination, including blood pressure and pulse rate measurement, 12 lead ECG and clinical laboratory tests. Female subjects of non-childbearing potential must meet at least one of the following criteria: (1) achieved postmenopausal status, defined as: cessation of regular menses for at least 12 consecutive months with no alternative pathological or physiological cause; and have a serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level within the laboratory's reference range for postmenopausal females; (2) have undergone a documented hysterectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy; (3) have medically confirmed ovarian failure. All other female subjects (including females with tubal ligations and females that do NOT have a documented hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy and/or ovarian failure) will be considered to be of childbearing potential. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 17.5 to 30.5 kg/m2; and a total body weight >50 kg (110 lbs). Evidence of a personally signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the subject (or a legal representative) has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

Three groups of subjects are selected: (1) subjects having a presence of the level of ANCA at or above 100 EU, (2) subjects having a presence of the level of ANCA below 100 EU and above 50 EU and either (i) a presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP, or (ii) decreased TNFR2 levels as compared in an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP, and (3) subjects lacking a level of ANCA that is high related to a healthy individual.

Exclusion Criteria:

Evidence or history of clinically significant hematological, renal, endocrine, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, hepatic, psychiatric, neurologic, or allergic disease (including drug allergies, but excluding untreated, asymptomatic, seasonal allergies at time of dosing). Subjects with a history of or current positive results for any of the following serological tests: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), anti-Hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Subjects with a history of allergic or anaphylactic reaction to a therapeutic drug. Treatment with an investigational drug within 30 days (or as determined by the local requirement, whichever is longer) or 5 half-lives or 180 days for biologics preceding the first dose of study medication. Pregnant females; breastfeeding females; and females of childbearing potential.

Primary Outcome Measures:

Incidence of dose limiting or intolerability treatment related adverse events (AEs) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Incidence, severity and causal relationship of treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs) and withdrawals due to treatment emergent adverse events [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Incidence and magnitude of abnormal laboratory findings [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Abnormal and clinically relevant changes in vital signs, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters [Time Frame: 12 weeks].

Secondary Outcome Measures:

Single Ascending Dose: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Time to Reach Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Tmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to 14 days (AUC14 days) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time (AUCinf) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to the time of last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Dose normalized maximum plasma concentration (Cmax[dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Dose normalized area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero extrapolated to infinite time (AUCinf[dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Dose normalized area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to the time of last quantifiable concentration (AUClast[dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Plasma Decay Half-Life (t½) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Plasma decay half-life is the time measured for the plasma concentration to decrease by one half. Single Ascending Dose: Mean residence time (MRT) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Single Ascending Dose: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) [Time Frame: 6 weeks]. Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired blood concentration of a drug. Steady state volume of distribution (Vss) is the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state. Single Ascending Dose: Systemic Clearance (CL) [Time Frame: 6]. CL is a quantitative measure of the rate at which a drug substance is removed from the body.

Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Time to Reach Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Tmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time T, the dosing interval where T=2 weeks (AUC′) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Dose normalized maximum plasma concentration (Cmax[dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Dose normalized Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time T, the dosing interval where T=2 weeks (AUC′ [dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Plasma Decay Half-Life (t½) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Plasma decay half-life is the time measured for the plasma concentration to decrease by one half. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Mean residence time (MRT) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired plasma concentration of a drug. Apparent volume of distribution after oral dose (Vz/F) is influenced by the fraction absorbed. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired blood concentration of a drug. Steady state volume of distribution (Vss) is the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Clearance of a drug is a measure of the rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes. Clearance obtained after oral dose (apparent oral clearance) is influenced by the fraction of the dose absorbed. Clearance is estimated from population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling. Drug clearance is a quantitative measure of the rate at which a drug substance is removed from the blood. Multiple Ascending Dose First Dose: Systemic Clearance (CL) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. CL is a quantitative measure of the rate at which a drug substance is removed from the body.

Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Time to Reach Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Tmax) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time τ, the dosing interval where τ=2 weeks (AUC′) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Dose normalized maximum plasma concentration (Cmax[dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Dose normalized Area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time zero to time τ, the dosing interval where τ=2 weeks (AUCτ [dn]) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Plasma Decay Half-Life (t½) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Plasma decay half-life is the time measured for the plasma concentration to decrease by one half. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired plasma concentration of a drug. Apparent volume of distribution after oral dose (Vz/F) is influenced by the fraction absorbed. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Volume of distribution is defined as the theoretical volume in which the total amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the desired blood concentration of a drug. Steady state volume of distribution (Vss) is the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state.

Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Apparent Oral Clearance (CL/F) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Clearance of a drug is a measure of the rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes. Clearance obtained after oral dose (apparent oral clearance) is influenced by the fraction of the dose absorbed. Clearance was estimated from population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling. Drug clearance is a quantitative measure of the rate at which a drug substance is removed from the blood. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Systemic Clearance (CL) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. CL is a quantitative measure of the rate at which a drug substance is removed from the body. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Minimum Observed Plasma Trough Concentration (Cmin) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Average concentration at steady state (Cav) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Observed accumulation ratio (Rac) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Multiple Dose: Peak to trough fluctuation (PTF) [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Multiple Ascending Dose Additional Parameter: estimate of bioavailability (F) for subcutaneous administration at the corresponding intravenous dose [Time Frame: 12 weeks]. Immunogenicity for both Single Ascending Dose and Multiple Ascending Dose: Development of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) [Time Frame: 12 weeks].

Example 10

Phase 1B Clinical Trial

A phase 1b open label clinical trial is performed to evaluate efficacy of an anti-TL1A antibody on subjects having an inflammatory disease or condition or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease.

Arms:

5 patients positive a presence of the level of ANCA at or above 100 ELISA units (EU) are administered the antibody. 5 patients positive for a presence of a level of ANCA below the 100 EU and above 50 EU and either of (i) a presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP, and (ii) decreased TNFR2 levels as compared in an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP, are administered the antibody. 5-10 patients negative for a high level of ANCA relative to a healthy individual are administered the antibody. Patients are monitored in real-time. Central ready of endoscopy and biopsy is employed, with readers blinded to point of time of treatment and endpoints.

Inclusion Criteria:

Three groups of subjects are selected: (1) subjects having a presence of the level of ANCA at or above 100 EU, (2) subjects having a presence of the level of ANCA below 100 EU and above 50 EU and either (i) a presence of the TNFRSF1B SNP, or (ii) decreased TNFR2 levels as compared in an individual who does not express the TNFRSF1B SNP, and (3) subjects lacking a level of ANCA that is high related to a healthy individual.

Primary Outcome Measures:

Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SESCD), Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and Patient Reported Outcome (PRO). If risk either positive group shows 50% reduction from baseline, a Phase 2a clinical trial is performed.

Inclusion Criteria:

PRO entry criteria: Abdominal pain score of 2 or more and/or stool frequency score of 4 or more. Primary outcome would be pain core of 0 or 1 and stool frequency score of 3 or less with no worsening from baseline. Endoscopy entry criteria: SESCD ileum only entry at score of 4 and 6 if colon is involved. Primary endoscopic outcome is 40-50% delta of mean SESCD.

Example 11

Phase 2A Clinical Trial

A phase 2a clinical trial is performed to evaluate the efficacy of an anti-TL1A antibody in subjects having an inflammatory disease or condition, or fibrostenotic and/or fibrotic disease.

Arms:

40 patients per arm (antibody and placebo arms) are treated with antibody or placebo for 12 weeks. An interim analysis is performed after 20 patients from each group are treated at the highest dose to look for a 40-50% delta between placebo and treated group in primary outcome (50% reduction from baseline in SESCD, CDAI, and PRO).

Primary Outcome Measures:

Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SESCD), Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and Patient Reported Outcome (PRO).

Inclusion Criteria:

PRO entry criteria: Abdominal pain score of 2 or more and/or stool frequency score of 4 or more. Primary outcome would be pain core of 0 or 1 and stool frequency score of 3 or less with no worsening from baseline. Endoscopy entry criteria: SESCD ileum only entry at score of 4 and 6 if colon is involved. Primary endoscopic outcome is 40-50% delta of mean SESCD.

The various methods and techniques described above provide a number of ways to carry out the application. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all objectives or advantages described can be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment described herein. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the methods can be performed in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught herein without necessarily achieving other objectives or advantages as taught or suggested herein. A variety of alternatives are mentioned herein. It is to be understood that some preferred embodiments specifically include one, another, or several features, while others specifically exclude one, another, or several features, while still others mitigate a particular feature by inclusion of one, another, or several advantageous features.

Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize the applicability of various features from different embodiments. Similarly, the various elements, features and steps discussed above, as well as other known equivalents for each such element, feature or step, can be employed in various combinations by one of ordinary skill in this art to perform methods in accordance with the principles described herein. Among the various elements, features, and steps some will be specifically included and others specifically excluded in diverse embodiments.

Although the application has been disclosed in the context of certain embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments of the application extend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and modifications and equivalents thereof.

Preferred embodiments of this application are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the application. Variations on those preferred embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. It is contemplated that skilled artisans can employ such variations as appropriate, and the application can be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, many embodiments of this application include all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the application unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

All patents, patent applications, publications of patent applications, and other material, such as articles, books, specifications, publications, documents, things, and/or the like, referenced herein are hereby incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for all purposes, excepting any prosecution file history associated with same, any of same that is inconsistent with or in conflict with the present document, or any of same that may have a limiting affect as to the broadest scope of the claims now or later associated with the present document. By way of example, should there be any inconsistency or conflict between the description, definition, and/or the use of a term associated with any of the incorporated material and that associated with the present document, the description, definition, and/or the use of the term in the present document shall prevail.

It is to be understood that the embodiments of the application disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the embodiments of the application. Other modifications that can be employed can be within the scope of the application. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation, alternative configurations of the embodiments of the application can be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, embodiments of the present application are not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

Various embodiments of the aspects disclosed herein are described above in the Detailed Description. While these descriptions directly describe the above embodiments, it is understood that those skilled in the art may conceive modifications and/or variations to the specific embodiments shown and described herein. Any such modifications or variations that fall within the purview of this description are intended to be included therein as well. Unless specifically noted, it is the intention of the inventors that the words and phrases in the specification and claims be given the ordinary and accustomed meanings to those of ordinary skill in the applicable art(s).

The foregoing description of various embodiments of the aspects disclosed herein known to the applicant at this time of filing the application has been presented and is intended for the purposes of illustration and description. The present description is not intended to be exhaustive nor limit the aspects disclosed herein to the precise form disclosed and many modifications and variations are possible in the light of the above teachings. The embodiments described serve to explain the principles of the aspects disclosed herein and its practical application and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the aspects disclosed herein in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Therefore, it is intended that the aspects disclosed herein not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying out the aspects disclosed herein.

While particular embodiments of the aspects disclosed herein have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the aspects disclosed herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the aspects disclosed herein. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of enriching a target nucleic acid in a sample, the method comprising: (a) providing a biological sample from a subject with an inflammatory bowel disease, the biological sample comprising a target nucleic acid molecule at a TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising a cytosine at rs5745994 provided at nucleobase position 76 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) bringing a fluid reaction formulation comprising a synthetic oligonucleotide molecule in contact with the biological sample; (c) hybridizing the synthetic oligonucleotide molecule and the target nucleic acid molecule at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising the cytosine at rs5745994; (d) amplifying the target nucleic acid molecule at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising the cytosine at rs5745994, thereby enriching the target nucleic acid in the fluid reaction formulation; and (e) detecting the enriched target nucleic acid molecule at the TNFRSF1B gene locus comprising the cytosine at rs5745994.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the inflammatory bowel disease comprises Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting in (e) is indicative of the subject having a high risk of a non-response to an anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) therapy.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the synthetic oligonucleotide comprises a detectable label, and wherein detecting in (e) is performed by detecting the label released from the synthetic oligonucleotide before amplification.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample further comprises a level of an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA).
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising detecting the level of ANCA by: (a) bringing one or more antibodies in contact with a component of the biological sample comprising one or more antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; and (b) measuring a level of binding between the one or more antibodies and the one or more antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the biological sample is blood, and the component of the biological sample is blood serum.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the level of binding between the one or more antibodies and the one or more antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies measured in (b) is high relative to a cutoff of greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above mean control titers, when measured using a ELISA assay.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the level of binding between the one or more antibodies and the one or more antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies is indicative of the subject having a high risk of a non-response to an anti-TNFα therapy, relative to an individual with a level of binding between the one or more antibodies and the one or more antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies that is lower than the cutoff of 2 SD above mean control titers, when measured using the ELISA assay.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: (a) measuring a level of Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in the biological sample; and (b) detecting a high level of the TNFR2, relative to a level of TNFR2 in an individual that does not express the cytosine at rs5745994, provided at nucleobase position 76 with reference to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the level of TNFR2 that is high is indicative of the subject having a high risk of a non-response to an anti-TNFα therapy, relative to an individual that does not express the cytosine at rs5745994, provided at nucleobase position 76 with reference to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising treating the inflammatory bowel disease in the subject by administering to the subject a non-TNF therapy.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the non-TNF therapy comprises vedolizumab, ustekinumab, natalizumab, cyclosporine or Thalomide, or a combination thereof.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising treating the inflammatory bowel disease in the subject by administering to the subject a non-TNF therapy.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the non-TNF therapy comprises vedolizumab, ustekinumab, natalizumab, cyclosporine or Thalomide, or a combination thereof. 